亞歷山大大帝 Alexander the Great

Philip II 馬其頓崛起 Philip II of Macedon

Philip II 23 歲即位，改革馬其頓軍制創薩里沙長矛方陣、兵團(phalanx)、混合兵種戰術。24 年內征服巴爾幹、-338 年 Chaeronea 擊敗希臘聯軍。將希臘統一為「柯林斯聯盟」，為兒子 Alexander 打下征服波斯根基。

At 23, Philip II became king and reformed Macedonian military — creating the sarissa pike phalanx and combined-arms tactics. In 24 years he conquered the Balkans; at Chaeronea (338 BC) he defeated the Greek coalition. He unified Greece as the League of Corinth, laying the foundation for his son Alexander's Persian conquest.

出生於 Pella·馬其頓王子 Born in Pella, Macedonian Prince

腓力二世與 Olympias 之子。傳說出生當夜以弗所阿提米絲神廟焚毀，預示日後征服。

Son of Philip II of Macedon and Olympias. Legend says the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus burned the same night, an omen of future conquests.

亞歷山大大帝·一生 32 年 Alexander the Great · 32 Years

從 Pella 王子到征服已知世界的征服者，32 年人生中 13 年連戰連勝，建立橫跨歐亞非的帝國。

From a prince of Pella to conqueror of the known world. In 32 years of life and 13 years of unbroken military success, he built an empire spanning three continents.

馴服 Bucephalus·12 歲識馬 Taming Bucephalus at Age 12

12 歲在 Pella 馴服無人能騎的烈馬 Bucephalus，發現馬畏懼自己影子，調轉方向後一躍而上。父親預言：「孩子，你要尋找配得上你的王國，馬其頓太小了。」

Age 12, tamed an unrideable stallion at Pella by realizing the horse feared its own shadow. Philip reportedly said: "My son, seek a kingdom equal to thyself; Macedonia is too small for thee."

Aristotle 任私人教師·Mieza Aristotle as Private Tutor at Mieza

13 歲起在 Mieza 仙女神廟跟隨 Aristotle 學習三年，內容涵蓋哲學、醫學、修辭、生物。日後遠征時隨身攜帶 Aristotle 注解的《伊利亞德》入睡。

From age 13, studied for three years under Aristotle at the Nymphaeum of Mieza — philosophy, medicine, rhetoric, biology. Throughout his campaigns, he slept with Aristotle's annotated copy of the Iliad under his pillow.

16 歲首次攝政·平 Maedi 部落 First Regency at 16 — Defeats the Maedi

腓力二世遠征拜占庭時，16 歲的亞歷山大代理王政，鎮壓色雷斯 Maedi 部落叛亂並建殖民地 Alexandropolis——史上第一座以自己命名的城市。

While Philip II campaigned against Byzantium, 16-year-old Alexander acted as regent. He crushed a Thracian Maedi revolt and founded Alexandropolis — the first of many cities named after himself.

Chaeronea 戰役·希臘自由終 Battle of Chaeronea

8 月 2 日 Philip II 與 18 歲 Alexander 父子擊敗雅典-底比斯聯軍於 Chaeronea。神聖軍團 300 人全戰死。希臘城邦獨立自此終結，被納入馬其頓柯林斯聯盟。Demosthenes《金冠演說》哀悼希臘自由。

On August 2, Philip II and his 18-year-old son Alexander defeated the Athens-Thebes coalition at Chaeronea. The Theban Sacred Band of 300 fell to a man. Greek polis independence ended; all were incorporated into the Macedonian League of Corinth. Demosthenes's 'On the Crown' mourned Greek freedom.

Chaeronea 戰役·18 歲騎兵奇襲 Battle of Chaeronea — Cavalry Charge at 18

腓力二世父子聯軍對戰希臘城邦聯軍。18 歲的亞歷山大率左翼 Companion Cavalry 突破 Theban 神聖隊·戰殺主帥，戰局逆轉，馬其頓統一希臘。

Philip II and his 18-year-old son crushed an alliance of Greek city-states. Alexander led the left-wing Companion Cavalry, broke the Theban Sacred Band, killed its commander, and reversed the fight — securing Macedonian rule over all Greece.

Philip II 遇刺·Alexander 即位 Philip II assassinated — Alexander accedes

馬其頓王 Philip II 在 Aegae 婚禮被衛兵 Pausanias 刺殺，20 歲 Alexander 即位，平定希臘叛亂後揮師東征。

Philip II of Macedon assassinated at Aegae wedding by guard Pausanias. 20-year-old Alexander succeeds.

屠 Thebes·殺六千、賣三萬為奴 Sack of Thebes — 6,000 Killed, 30,000 Enslaved

登基次年，Thebes 趁亞歷山大遠征色雷斯時叛亂。亞歷山大兼程返回·城破後屠城殺六千、賣三萬為奴，僅留詩人 Pindar 故居不毀。希臘其他城邦從此噤聲。

Year after his accession, Thebes revolted while Alexander campaigned in Thrace. He raced back, stormed the city, killed 6,000, sold 30,000 into slavery, and razed everything — except, by his order, the house of the poet Pindar. The rest of Greece fell silent.

亞歷山大東征 Alexander's Conquests

馬其頓的亞歷山大大帝東征，建立橫跨歐亞非的帝國，促進希臘文化與東方文化的交融。

Alexander the Great conquers a vast empire from Greece to India, spreading Greek culture and facilitating East-West cultural exchange.

Granicus 戰役·首勝小亞細亞 Battle of Granicus — first victory in Asia Minor

Alexander 以 4 萬步騎渡 Granicus 河擊敗波斯總督聯軍，打開 Anatolia 門戶，傳說親率騎兵衝鋒陷陣。

Alexander crossed Granicus river with 40k troops, defeated Persian satraps. Personally led cavalry charge.

Gordian 結·神諭破解 Gordian Knot — oracle solved

Phrygia 神諭：解開 Gordian 結者得亞洲霸權。Alexander 拔劍一砍而斷，象徵以武力斷一切阻礙。

Phrygian oracle: who unties Gordian Knot rules Asia. Alexander cut it with his sword.

Issus 戰役·擊敗 Darius III Battle of Issus — defeats Darius III

Alexander 在 Issus 河谷狹地擊敗 Darius III 的 10 萬大軍，俘其母后與妻女，Pompeii 馬賽克畫永誌。

Alexander defeated Darius III's 100k army in Issus valley. Captured Persian royal family. Famous Pompeii mosaic.

Tyre 7 個月圍城 Siege of Tyre — 7 months

腓尼基海港 Tyre 拒服，Alexander 修建 800 公尺堤道連島嶼，調 200 艘船封鎖，7 月後破城屠殺。

Phoenician port Tyre refused submission. Alexander built 800m causeway, blockaded with 200 ships.

亞歷山大征服埃及 Alexander Conquers Egypt

Alexander the Great conquers Egypt in 332 BC, founding Alexandria and the Ptolemaic dynasty.

Gaugamela 戰役·阿契美尼德亡 Battle of Gaugamela

10 月 1 日 Alexander 4.7 萬大軍於 Gaugamela(今伊拉克北部)擊敗 Darius III 10 萬波斯軍。Darius III 逃亡，波斯帝國實質滅亡。Alexander 入 Babylon、Susa、Persepolis(焚毀)。220 年阿契美尼德結束，波斯進希臘化時代。

On October 1, Alexander's 47,000 troops defeated Darius III's 100,000-strong Persian army at Gaugamela (northern Iraq). Darius III fled; the Persian Empire effectively ended. Alexander entered Babylon, Susa, and Persepolis (which he burned). After 220 years, the Achaemenid Empire ended; Persia entered the Hellenistic age.

亞歷山卓建城·地中海新都 Alexandria Founded

4 月 7 日亞歷山大大帝在尼羅河三角洲西岸建城並命名。成為托勒密王朝首都、地中海最富都市與文化中心。燈塔(世界七大奇蹟之一)、大圖書館、Mouseion 學院讓希臘化時期的埃及成為學術首都。

On April 7, Alexander the Great founded and named the city on the western Nile Delta coast. It became the Ptolemaic capital and the Mediterranean's richest, most cultured city — with the Pharos Lighthouse (one of the Seven Wonders), the Great Library, and the Mouseion making Hellenistic Egypt the world's academic capital.

Gaugamela 決戰·波斯崩 Battle of Gaugamela — Persia falls

Alexander 在 Mesopotamia 平原以 47k 擊潰 Darius III 的 25-30 萬大軍（含戰象、鐮刀戰車），波斯帝國實質滅亡。

Alexander's 47k defeated Darius III's 250-300k (with elephants and scythed chariots) on Mesopotamian plain.

焚 Persepolis 王宮·百年積累灰燼 Burning of Persepolis — 200 Years of Treasure to Ashes

攻陷波斯首都後·據傳於酒宴中受雅典名妓 Thais 慫恿，焚毀 Xerxes 的宮殿群，象徵報復一個半世紀前波斯燒雅典之仇。後世史家對此爭議不斷——意外醉態 vs 政治宣示。

After capturing the Persian capital, Alexander reportedly burned the palace complex of Xerxes during a drunken banquet — at the urging of the Athenian courtesan Thais — as symbolic revenge for the Persian sack of Athens 150 years earlier. Historians still debate: drunken accident or calculated act?

亞歷山大滅阿契美尼德波斯 Alexander Destroys Achaemenid Persia

馬其頓王亞歷山大大帝擊敗大流士三世，焚毀波斯波利斯，阿契美尼德波斯帝國滅亡，波斯進入希臘化時代。大流士三世逃亡後被部下所殺，兩百年波斯帝國就此終結。

Alexander the Great defeated Darius III and burned Persepolis, ending the Achaemenid Empire. Darius fled and was killed by his own men, terminating two centuries of Persian dominance.

Bessus 弒大流士·亞歷山大繼承波斯王號 Bessus Murders Darius — Alexander Inherits the Persian Throne

波斯總督 Bessus 在逃亡中弒殺末代大流士三世自立為王。亞歷山大追擊、擒之、處以波斯酷刑（撕裂）。從此自稱「亞洲之王」、開始穿波斯服飾、要求臣下行 proskynesis 跪拜禮——馬其頓老兵心生不滿。

The Persian satrap Bessus murdered the fleeing Darius III and proclaimed himself king. Alexander hunted him down, captured him, and executed him by Persian methods (tearing apart). From then on Alexander styled himself 'Lord of Asia,' adopted Persian dress, and demanded ceremonial proskynesis (prostration) — alienating his Macedonian veterans.

中亞 Bactria/Sogdiana 苦戰 Bactria/Sogdiana grueling campaign

Alexander 進入今阿富汗、烏茲別克、塔吉克，遭遇 Spitamenes 游擊抵抗 3 年，娶 Bactrian 公主 Roxana 結盟。

Alexander's 3-year guerrilla war against Spitamenes in Afghanistan/Uzbekistan. Married Bactrian princess Roxana.

醉殺愛將 Cleitus·徹夜哀悔 Murder of Cleitus the Black — A Drunken Tragedy

在 Samarkand 酒宴中，曾在 Granicus 救他一命的老將 Cleitus 醉後痛斥亞歷山大「忘本」，亞歷山大盛怒奪槍刺殺。事後三日不食、自殘、欲自殺，群臣勸阻方止。

At a banquet in Samarkand, the veteran Cleitus the Black — who had saved Alexander's life at Granicus — drunkenly accused him of betraying his Macedonian roots. Enraged, Alexander grabbed a spear and ran him through. He then refused food for three days, attempted self-harm, and was talked out of suicide only by his companions.

娶 Bactria 公主 Roxana·政治聯姻 Marriage to Roxana — Political Alliance with Bactria

在 Sogdiana 攻下難攻不落的 Sogdian Rock 後·迎娶土豪 Oxyartes 之女 Roxana。傳為亞歷山大唯一真心愛上的人。後生子 Alexander IV，但其子在繼業者戰爭中被毒殺。

After capturing the supposedly impregnable Sogdian Rock, Alexander married Roxana, daughter of the local chieftain Oxyartes. Said to be the only woman Alexander truly loved. Their son Alexander IV was later murdered during the Wars of the Diadochi.

Pages 陰謀案·處決 Callisthenes Pages' Conspiracy — Execution of Callisthenes

御前侍從（Pages）密謀刺殺亞歷山大失敗，所有人被亂石砸死。Aristotle 的姪子兼隨軍史官 Callisthenes 因公開反對 proskynesis 跪拜禮被牽連入獄。死於獄中，Aristotle 從此與亞歷山大關係破裂。

A failed plot by the royal pages to assassinate Alexander led to all conspirators being stoned to death. Callisthenes — Aristotle's nephew and Alexander's official historian — was implicated for openly opposing proskynesis. He died in prison, permanently rupturing Alexander's relationship with Aristotle.

Beas 河兵變·拒絕東進 Mutiny at Beas River — refusal to march east

士兵 8 年遠征疲累，拒絕渡 Beas 河繼續東進恆河流域，Alexander 哭求 3 日不果，被迫南下回師。

Exhausted after 8 years, soldiers refused to cross Beas river to Ganges. Alexander wept 3 days, turned south.

Hydaspes 戰役·擊敗 Porus Battle of Hydaspes — defeats Porus

今巴基斯坦 Jhelum 河，Alexander 渡河擊敗印度 Paurava 王 Porus 戰象軍團，最東邊征戰。Porus 受敬留為盟友。

At Jhelum river (Pakistan), Alexander defeated Indian king Porus's war elephants. Easternmost battle.

印度賢者 Calanus 自焚·預言「巴比倫見」 Calanus' Self-Immolation — "I'll See You in Babylon"

印度智者 Calanus 隨亞歷山大軍東返，於波斯途中突發疾病。他不願成為負擔，請求柴堆自焚——希臘人首次目睹耆那教式自願死亡。臨終預言：「我們將在巴比倫再會。」八個月後亞歷山大死於巴比倫。

The Indian sage Calanus, who joined Alexander's army on the return march, fell ill in Persia. Refusing to be a burden, he requested a funeral pyre and burned himself alive — the first time Greeks witnessed Jain-style voluntary death. His parting words: "We shall meet in Babylon." Eight months later, Alexander died in Babylon.

Gedrosia 沙漠返程·軍隊死三分之二 Crossing the Gedrosian Desert — Two-Thirds of the Army Lost

從印度西返途中，亞歷山大選擇穿越南方 Gedrosia（俾路支）沙漠以懲罰先前不願東進的部下。60 天內缺水缺糧，三分之二的軍隊與隨行人員死於沙漠——是亞歷山大最大的軍事災難。

Returning from India, Alexander chose to cross the southern Gedrosian Desert (Baluchistan) — partly to punish his troops for refusing to march further east. In 60 days, lacking food and water, two-thirds of the army and camp followers perished. His worst military disaster.

摯友 Hephaestion 病死·Alexander 哀痛逾恆 Death of Hephaestion — Alexander's Inconsolable Grief

童年摯友兼第二統帥 Hephaestion 在 Ecbatana 突發熱病去世。Alexander 數日不食不眠、剃髮哀悼、處死照護的醫師，並向天神 Ammon 請願將 Hephaestion 封神。

Childhood companion and second-in-command Hephaestion died of fever at Ecbatana. Alexander reportedly fasted for days, shaved his head in mourning, executed the attending physician, and petitioned the oracle of Ammon to deify Hephaestion.

Susa 集團婚禮·80 將領娶波斯女 Susa Mass Wedding — 80 Generals Marry Persian Brides

為融合馬其頓與波斯，亞歷山大強令 80 名馬其頓將領在 Susa 集體迎娶波斯與米底貴族女子，自己則同時娶大流士女兒 Stateira II 與 Artaxerxes III 女兒 Parysatis II。亞歷山大死後多數將領立刻休妻——融合計畫破產。

To fuse Macedonian and Persian elites, Alexander ordered 80 of his generals to marry Persian and Median noblewomen in a single mass ceremony at Susa. He himself married two more royal Persian women. After his death most of the generals immediately divorced their wives — the fusion experiment collapsed.

屍體爭奪戰·Ptolemy 劫遺體到亞歷山卓 The Body Theft — Ptolemy Hijacks the Funeral Train

傳說屍身六日不腐。送葬隊耗時 2 年從巴比倫運往馬其頓途中，Ptolemy 在敘利亞劫走遺體運至亞歷山卓供奉，象徵承繼者地位。陵墓位置至今成謎。

Legend says the body did not decay for six days. As the elaborate funeral cortege traveled toward Macedon, Ptolemy intercepted it in Syria and diverted it to Alexandria as a symbol of legitimacy. The exact tomb location has been lost to history.

70+ 座 Alexandria 城·希臘語從尼羅河到阿姆河 Seventy Alexandrias — Greek from the Nile to the Oxus

亞歷山大一生在征服路上建至少 70 座 Alexandria（亞歷山卓）城——埃及亞歷山卓、阿富汗 Alexandria-Eschate、巴基斯坦 Alexandria-Bucephala 等。這些殖民城讓希臘語、希臘建築與希臘哲學在中東與中亞延續數百年，孕育希臘化（Hellenistic）文明。

Across his campaigns Alexander founded at least 70 Alexandrias — Alexandria in Egypt, Alexandria-Eschate in modern Afghanistan, Alexandria-Bucephala in Pakistan, and many more. These Greek colonies kept Greek language, architecture, and philosophy alive across the Middle East and Central Asia for centuries, seeding the Hellenistic world.

Alexander 病逝巴比倫 (32 歲) Alexander dies in Babylon (age 32)

6 月 10/11 日於 Nebuchadnezzar 宮殿病死，可能瘧疾、傷寒或下毒。臨終遺言「給最強者」(τῷ κρατίστῳ)，引發繼業者戰爭。

Died June 10/11 in Nebuchadnezzar's palace, possibly malaria, typhoid, or poison. "To the strongest" — sparked Diadochi Wars.

Alexander 大帝逝世·Hellenistic 時代開端 Alexander's death — dawn of Hellenistic age

32 歲早逝於巴比倫，留下橫跨歐亞非的帝國。300 年 Hellenistic 文明擴散希臘語文化至埃及、波斯、印度，為羅馬 / 基督教文明鋪路。

Died at 32 in Babylon. 300-year Hellenistic age spread Greek culture from Egypt to India, paving way for Rome/Christianity.

繼業者戰爭 (Diadochi)·42 年帝國分裂 Wars of the Diadochi — 42 years of empire fragmentation

Alexander 將領 (Ptolemy / Seleucus / Antigonus / Lysimachus / Cassander 等) 互相廝殺，從 -323 到 -281 Corupedium 戰役定型四王國。

Alexander's generals fought 42 years until Battle of Corupedium (-281) finalized four kingdoms.

Hellenistic 文明 300 年·亞歷山大遺產 300 Years of Hellenistic Civilization — Alexander's Legacy

從 Diadochi 戰爭結束 (-281) 到 Cleopatra 自殺 (-30)，希臘語與希臘文化主宰地中海東部與西亞 250 年——Ptolemy 埃及、Seleucid 兩河、Antigonid 馬其頓。亞歷山卓圖書館、Euclid 幾何、Archimedes 力學、Stoic 哲學皆此時期成就。

From the end of the Wars of the Diadochi (-281) to Cleopatra's suicide (-30), Greek language and culture dominated the eastern Mediterranean and western Asia for 250 years — Ptolemaic Egypt, Seleucid Mesopotamia, Antigonid Macedon. The Library of Alexandria, Euclid's geometry, Archimedean mechanics, and Stoic philosophy all flourished in this era.

塞琉古帝國——希臘化兩河流域 Seleucid Empire — Hellenistic Mesopotamia

亞歷山大大帝死後，部將塞琉古建立帝國統治兩河流域，希臘文化與東方文明深度融合，形成獨特的希臘化文明。

After Alexander's death, general Seleucus established an empire over Mesopotamia, creating a unique fusion of Greek and Eastern civilizations.

Seleucid 帝國·250 年 Seleucid Empire — 250 years

Seleucus I 建立，疆域曾從 Anatolia 至 Indus，250 年中漸失東方領土給 Parthia 與 Maurya，最後被羅馬併入。

Founded by Seleucus I; once spanned Anatolia to Indus. Gradually lost east to Parthia and Maurya.

Antigonid 馬其頓王朝 Antigonid Dynasty in Macedon

Antigonus I Monophthalmus 與其子 Demetrius 建立，後 Antigonus II Gonatas 鞏固馬其頓統治至 -168 被羅馬滅。

Antigonus I and son Demetrius founded; ruled Macedon until Roman conquest in -168.

Ptolemy I 稱埃及王 Ptolemy I crowns himself King of Egypt

Alexander 護衛 Ptolemy 在 Diadochi 戰爭中固守埃及，-305 自稱 Pharaoh，建 Ptolemaic 王朝統治 275 年至 Cleopatra。

Alexander's bodyguard Ptolemy held Egypt through Diadochi Wars; crowned Pharaoh in -305.

Ptolemaic 王朝·275 年至 Cleopatra Ptolemaic Dynasty — 275 years to Cleopatra

希臘 Ptolemy 王朝統治埃及 275 年，定都 Alexandria，文化希臘化但保留法老傳統，最後 Cleopatra VII 被 Octavian 擊敗。

Greek Ptolemaic dynasty ruled Egypt 275 years from Alexandria. Hellenized but kept pharaonic tradition.

Ipsus 戰役·四王分天下 Battle of Ipsus — four kingdoms divided

Phrygia 平原大戰，Antigonus 80 歲老將陣亡，戰後 Seleucus / Lysimachus / Cassander / Ptolemy 四分帝國，Alexander 帝國永斷。

At Phrygia, 80-year-old Antigonus killed. Empire split among Seleucus, Lysimachus, Cassander, Ptolemy.

亞歷山卓大圖書館 Great Library of Alexandria

Ptolemy I 在 Alexandria 建 Mouseion 學院與大圖書館，藏書最多時 70 萬卷(含希臘、希伯來、埃及各文本)。Euclid、Eratosthenes、Archimedes 皆於此工作。多次毀於火(凱撒、Aurelian、阿拉伯時代)。

Ptolemy I built the Mouseion academy and Great Library at Alexandria, at its peak housing 700,000 scrolls (Greek, Hebrew, Egyptian, and more). Euclid, Eratosthenes, and Archimedes worked there. It burned multiple times (by Caesar, Aurelian, and in the Arab era).

Attalid 帕加馬王朝 Attalid Dynasty of Pergamon

Philetaerus 在 Pergamon 獨立，後王 Eumenes II 建大祭壇與圖書館，Attalus III 遺贈羅馬 (-133) 結束。

Philetaerus founded; Eumenes II built Great Altar and library. Attalus III bequeathed kingdom to Rome (-133).

流亡敘利亞·為 Antiochus III 出謀 Exile in Syria — Advises Antiochus III against Rome

流亡到塞琉古王 Antiochus III 朝中。提議借海軍攻義大利、自己率軍登陸—— Antiochus 不採。Antiochus 隨後在 Magnesia 戰役被羅馬大敗 (-190)。羅馬要求引渡漢尼拔，他再逃 Bithynia。

He took refuge with Antiochus III of the Seleucid Empire. He proposed using the Syrian navy to land an army in Italy, himself commanding. Antiochus refused. Antiochus was then crushed by Rome at Magnesia (-190). Rome demanded Hannibal's extradition; he fled again, to Bithynia.

羅馬滅亞該亞同盟·希臘亡 Rome destroys Achaean League — Greece falls

Mummius 將軍滅亞該亞同盟，徹底破壞 Corinth 城，希臘正式成羅馬行省 Achaea，Hellenistic 政治獨立終結。

Mummius destroyed Achaean League and razed Corinth. Greece became Roman province of Achaea.

埃及豔后克麗奧帕特拉 Cleopatra

最後一位法老，以與凱撒和安東尼的政治聯盟聞名，她的去世標誌著古埃及的終結，埃及成為羅馬行省。

The last pharaoh, famous for alliances with Caesar and Antony; her death marks the end of ancient Egypt as it becomes a Roman province.

Actium 海戰·Hellenistic 終 Battle of Actium — end of Hellenistic age

Octavian 海軍擊敗 Mark Antony 與 Cleopatra 聯合艦隊於 Actium，翌年 Cleopatra 自殺，Egypt 入羅馬，Hellenistic 時代政治告終。

Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra at Actium. Cleopatra suicided next year; Egypt to Rome.

羅馬埃及·帝國糧倉 Roman Egypt — Imperial Breadbasket

屋大維滅托勒密後，埃及成羅馬皇帝私產(唯一不歸元老院管的省)。尼羅河糧食養羅馬城百萬市民。AD 115-117 Jewish-Roman 戰爭毀亞歷山卓猶太社群。AD 250-300 Diocletian 大迫害基督徒。

After Octavian ended Ptolemaic rule, Egypt became the personal property of Roman emperors (the only province not under the Senate). Nile grain fed Rome's million residents. The 115-117 Jewish-Roman war destroyed Alexandria's Jewish community. Diocletian's 250-300 persecution targeted Christians.