亞歷山大帝國 Alexander's Empire

Chaeronea 戰役·希臘自由終 Battle of Chaeronea

8 月 2 日 Philip II 與 18 歲 Alexander 父子擊敗雅典-底比斯聯軍於 Chaeronea。神聖軍團 300 人全戰死。希臘城邦獨立自此終結，被納入馬其頓柯林斯聯盟。Demosthenes《金冠演說》哀悼希臘自由。

On August 2, Philip II and his 18-year-old son Alexander defeated the Athens-Thebes coalition at Chaeronea. The Theban Sacred Band of 300 fell to a man. Greek polis independence ended; all were incorporated into the Macedonian League of Corinth. Demosthenes's 'On the Crown' mourned Greek freedom.

Philip II 遇刺·Alexander 即位 Philip II assassinated — Alexander accedes

馬其頓王 Philip II 在 Aegae 婚禮被衛兵 Pausanias 刺殺，20 歲 Alexander 即位，平定希臘叛亂後揮師東征。

Philip II of Macedon assassinated at Aegae wedding by guard Pausanias. 20-year-old Alexander succeeds.

亞歷山大東征 Alexander's Conquests

馬其頓的亞歷山大大帝東征，建立橫跨歐亞非的帝國，促進希臘文化與東方文化的交融。

Alexander the Great conquers a vast empire from Greece to India, spreading Greek culture and facilitating East-West cultural exchange.

Granicus 戰役·首勝小亞細亞 Battle of Granicus — first victory in Asia Minor

Alexander 以 4 萬步騎渡 Granicus 河擊敗波斯總督聯軍，打開 Anatolia 門戶，傳說親率騎兵衝鋒陷陣。

Alexander crossed Granicus river with 40k troops, defeated Persian satraps. Personally led cavalry charge.

Gordian 結·神諭破解 Gordian Knot — oracle solved

Phrygia 神諭：解開 Gordian 結者得亞洲霸權。Alexander 拔劍一砍而斷，象徵以武力斷一切阻礙。

Phrygian oracle: who unties Gordian Knot rules Asia. Alexander cut it with his sword.

Issus 戰役·擊敗 Darius III Battle of Issus — defeats Darius III

Alexander 在 Issus 河谷狹地擊敗 Darius III 的 10 萬大軍，俘其母后與妻女，Pompeii 馬賽克畫永誌。

Alexander defeated Darius III's 100k army in Issus valley. Captured Persian royal family. Famous Pompeii mosaic.

Tyre 7 個月圍城 Siege of Tyre — 7 months

腓尼基海港 Tyre 拒服，Alexander 修建 800 公尺堤道連島嶼，調 200 艘船封鎖，7 月後破城屠殺。

Phoenician port Tyre refused submission. Alexander built 800m causeway, blockaded with 200 ships.

亞歷山大征服埃及 Alexander Conquers Egypt

Alexander the Great conquers Egypt in 332 BC, founding Alexandria and the Ptolemaic dynasty.

托勒密王朝·希臘化埃及 Ptolemaic Kingdom

亞歷山大征服後將領 Ptolemy 建王朝統治埃及 302 年。亞歷山卓港成地中海文化中心(Mouseion、大圖書館)、Rosetta 石、Cleopatra 與凱撒與 Antony。-30 年屋大維滅，埃及成羅馬省。

After Alexander's conquest, his general Ptolemy founded a dynasty ruling Egypt for 302 years. Alexandria became the Mediterranean cultural hub (Mouseion, Great Library). The Rosetta Stone, Cleopatra's affairs with Caesar and Antony. In -30, Octavian conquered — Egypt became a Roman province.

亞歷山卓建城·地中海新都 Alexandria Founded

4 月 7 日亞歷山大大帝在尼羅河三角洲西岸建城並命名。成為托勒密王朝首都、地中海最富都市與文化中心。燈塔(世界七大奇蹟之一)、大圖書館、Mouseion 學院讓希臘化時期的埃及成為學術首都。

On April 7, Alexander the Great founded and named the city on the western Nile Delta coast. It became the Ptolemaic capital and the Mediterranean's richest, most cultured city — with the Pharos Lighthouse (one of the Seven Wonders), the Great Library, and the Mouseion making Hellenistic Egypt the world's academic capital.

Gaugamela 決戰·波斯崩 Battle of Gaugamela — Persia falls

Alexander 在 Mesopotamia 平原以 47k 擊潰 Darius III 的 25-30 萬大軍（含戰象、鐮刀戰車），波斯帝國實質滅亡。

Alexander's 47k defeated Darius III's 250-300k (with elephants and scythed chariots) on Mesopotamian plain.

亞歷山大滅阿契美尼德波斯 Alexander Destroys Achaemenid Persia

馬其頓王亞歷山大大帝擊敗大流士三世，焚毀波斯波利斯，阿契美尼德波斯帝國滅亡，波斯進入希臘化時代。大流士三世逃亡後被部下所殺，兩百年波斯帝國就此終結。

Alexander the Great defeated Darius III and burned Persepolis, ending the Achaemenid Empire. Darius fled and was killed by his own men, terminating two centuries of Persian dominance.

中亞 Bactria/Sogdiana 苦戰 Bactria/Sogdiana grueling campaign

Alexander 進入今阿富汗、烏茲別克、塔吉克，遭遇 Spitamenes 游擊抵抗 3 年，娶 Bactrian 公主 Roxana 結盟。

Alexander's 3-year guerrilla war against Spitamenes in Afghanistan/Uzbekistan. Married Bactrian princess Roxana.

Beas 河兵變·拒絕東進 Mutiny at Beas River — refusal to march east

士兵 8 年遠征疲累，拒絕渡 Beas 河繼續東進恆河流域，Alexander 哭求 3 日不果，被迫南下回師。

Exhausted after 8 years, soldiers refused to cross Beas river to Ganges. Alexander wept 3 days, turned south.

Hydaspes 戰役·擊敗 Porus Battle of Hydaspes — defeats Porus

今巴基斯坦 Jhelum 河，Alexander 渡河擊敗印度 Paurava 王 Porus 戰象軍團，最東邊征戰。Porus 受敬留為盟友。

At Jhelum river (Pakistan), Alexander defeated Indian king Porus's war elephants. Easternmost battle.

希臘化時代·亞歷山大後裔 Hellenistic Period

亞歷山大大帝死至克麗奧帕特拉自殺，293 年間他的繼業者(Diadochi)分天下：Seleucid(敘利亞波斯)、Ptolemy(埃及)、Antigonid(馬其頓希臘)、Attalid(小亞細亞)。希臘文化 Koine 通語、Alexandria 學術、Archimedes/Euclid 科學傳至印度。

From Alexander's death to Cleopatra's suicide, 293 years of Hellenistic kingdoms: Seleucid (Syria-Persia), Ptolemaic (Egypt), Antigonid (Macedon-Greece), Attalid (Anatolia). Greek culture — the Koine lingua franca, Alexandria's scholarship, Archimedes/Euclid's science — spread as far as India.

Alexander 病逝巴比倫 (32 歲) Alexander dies in Babylon (age 32)

6 月 10/11 日於 Nebuchadnezzar 宮殿病死，可能瘧疾、傷寒或下毒。臨終遺言「給最強者」(τῷ κρατίστῳ)，引發繼業者戰爭。

Died June 10/11 in Nebuchadnezzar's palace, possibly malaria, typhoid, or poison. "To the strongest" — sparked Diadochi Wars.

Alexander 大帝逝世·Hellenistic 時代開端 Alexander's death — dawn of Hellenistic age

32 歲早逝於巴比倫，留下橫跨歐亞非的帝國。300 年 Hellenistic 文明擴散希臘語文化至埃及、波斯、印度，為羅馬 / 基督教文明鋪路。

Died at 32 in Babylon. 300-year Hellenistic age spread Greek culture from Egypt to India, paving way for Rome/Christianity.

繼業者戰爭 (Diadochi)·42 年帝國分裂 Wars of the Diadochi — 42 years of empire fragmentation

Alexander 將領 (Ptolemy / Seleucus / Antigonus / Lysimachus / Cassander 等) 互相廝殺，從 -323 到 -281 Corupedium 戰役定型四王國。

Alexander's generals fought 42 years until Battle of Corupedium (-281) finalized four kingdoms.

塞琉古帝國——希臘化兩河流域 Seleucid Empire — Hellenistic Mesopotamia

亞歷山大大帝死後，部將塞琉古建立帝國統治兩河流域，希臘文化與東方文明深度融合，形成獨特的希臘化文明。

After Alexander's death, general Seleucus established an empire over Mesopotamia, creating a unique fusion of Greek and Eastern civilizations.

Seleucid 帝國·250 年 Seleucid Empire — 250 years

Seleucus I 建立，疆域曾從 Anatolia 至 Indus，250 年中漸失東方領土給 Parthia 與 Maurya，最後被羅馬併入。

Founded by Seleucus I; once spanned Anatolia to Indus. Gradually lost east to Parthia and Maurya.

Antigonid 馬其頓王朝 Antigonid Dynasty in Macedon

Antigonus I Monophthalmus 與其子 Demetrius 建立，後 Antigonus II Gonatas 鞏固馬其頓統治至 -168 被羅馬滅。

Antigonus I and son Demetrius founded; ruled Macedon until Roman conquest in -168.

Ptolemy I 稱埃及王 Ptolemy I crowns himself King of Egypt

Alexander 護衛 Ptolemy 在 Diadochi 戰爭中固守埃及，-305 自稱 Pharaoh，建 Ptolemaic 王朝統治 275 年至 Cleopatra。

Alexander's bodyguard Ptolemy held Egypt through Diadochi Wars; crowned Pharaoh in -305.

Ptolemaic 王朝·275 年至 Cleopatra Ptolemaic Dynasty — 275 years to Cleopatra

希臘 Ptolemy 王朝統治埃及 275 年，定都 Alexandria，文化希臘化但保留法老傳統，最後 Cleopatra VII 被 Octavian 擊敗。

Greek Ptolemaic dynasty ruled Egypt 275 years from Alexandria. Hellenized but kept pharaonic tradition.

Ipsus 戰役·四王分天下 Battle of Ipsus — four kingdoms divided

Phrygia 平原大戰，Antigonus 80 歲老將陣亡，戰後 Seleucus / Lysimachus / Cassander / Ptolemy 四分帝國，Alexander 帝國永斷。

At Phrygia, 80-year-old Antigonus killed. Empire split among Seleucus, Lysimachus, Cassander, Ptolemy.

亞歷山卓大圖書館 Great Library of Alexandria

Ptolemy I 在 Alexandria 建 Mouseion 學院與大圖書館，藏書最多時 70 萬卷(含希臘、希伯來、埃及各文本)。Euclid、Eratosthenes、Archimedes 皆於此工作。多次毀於火(凱撒、Aurelian、阿拉伯時代)。

Ptolemy I built the Mouseion academy and Great Library at Alexandria, at its peak housing 700,000 scrolls (Greek, Hebrew, Egyptian, and more). Euclid, Eratosthenes, and Archimedes worked there. It burned multiple times (by Caesar, Aurelian, and in the Arab era).

Attalid 帕加馬王朝 Attalid Dynasty of Pergamon

Philetaerus 在 Pergamon 獨立，後王 Eumenes II 建大祭壇與圖書館，Attalus III 遺贈羅馬 (-133) 結束。

Philetaerus founded; Eumenes II built Great Altar and library. Attalus III bequeathed kingdom to Rome (-133).