穆罕默德首次啟示 Muhammad's First Revelation
穆罕默德在希拉山洞中接受天使吉卜利勒的啟示，古蘭經第一章降示，伊斯蘭教正式起源。
Muhammad receives the first revelation from angel Jibreel in the Cave of Hira; the first verse of the Quran is revealed — Islam officially begins.
阿拉伯帝國 Arab Caliphate
穆罕默德的啟示點燃了一場文明之火，650年間阿拉伯帝國吞並了三大洲。從麥加的一個商人到巴格達的學者之城，伊斯蘭帝國重塑了世界的宗教、政治與文化版圖。
A merchant's revelation ignited a civilization. In 650 years, the Arab Caliphate swallowed three continents, rewrote the map of faith and power, and built the world's greatest library — until the Mongols burned it down.
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610 – 772 · 17 條事件 610 – 772 · 17 events
伊斯蘭教創立 Islam Founded
穆罕默德創立伊斯蘭教，從麥地那向外傳播，在數十年內橫跨中東、北非與中亞。
Muhammad founds Islam in Medina; within decades it spreads across the Middle East, North Africa, and Central Asia.
麥加征服 Conquest of Mecca
穆罕默德率軍幾乎不流血地進入麥加，摧毀偶像，使伊斯蘭教成為阿拉伯半島的主導信仰。
Muhammad's forces enter Mecca nearly bloodlessly, destroy idols, and establish Islam as the dominant faith of the Arabian Peninsula.
四大哈里發時代 Rashidun Caliphate
穆罕默德逝後四位繼承者統治，伊斯蘭迅速擴張至波斯、敘利亞、埃及，奠定伊斯蘭世界基礎。
Four successors after Muhammad; Islam rapidly expands to Persia, Syria, and Egypt, laying the foundation of the Islamic world.
Yarmuk 戰役·拜占庭失敘利亞 Battle of Yarmuk — Byzantines lose Syria
Khalid ibn al-Walid 率 4 萬阿拉伯軍 6 日大破 Heraclius 拜占庭 5 萬聯軍，敘利亞、巴勒斯坦永歸伊斯蘭。
Khalid ibn al-Walid's 40k Arabs crushed Heraclius's 50k Byzantine force in 6 days. Syria/Palestine to Islam forever.
Qadisiyyah 戰役·薩珊滅亡 Battle of al-Qadisiyyah — Sasanid falls
Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas 4 日擊敗 Rustam 薩珊主力，泰西封陷落，Yazdegerd III 流亡。薩珊 427 年帝國終。
Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas defeated Rustam in 4 days; Ctesiphon fell. Yazdegerd III fled. End of 427-year Sasanid Empire.
伊斯蘭征服耶路撒冷 Islamic Conquest of Jerusalem
哈里發歐麥爾率軍征服拜占庭控制的耶路撒冷，伊斯蘭教將耶路撒冷視為第三聖城，此後耶路撒冷的歸屬成為三大宗教千年衝突的核心。
Caliph Umar conquered Byzantine Jerusalem, making it Islam's third holiest city. Jerusalem's ownership became the core of a thousand-year conflict between three religions.
古蘭經成書 Quran Compiled
第三任哈里發奧斯曼統一古蘭經版本，確立伊斯蘭教的核心經典，成為全球十億穆斯林的精神指引。
Caliph Uthman standardizes the Quran text, establishing Islam's central scripture — the spiritual guide for over a billion Muslims.
Ali 即第四哈里發·遜尼/什葉分裂 Ali becomes 4th Caliph — Sunni-Shia split
Othman 被刺後 Ali ibn Abi Talib 即位，Mu'awiya 拒承認，第一次 Fitna 內戰，Ali 被刺後 Mu'awiya 立 Umayyad，Sunni-Shia 永分。
After Othman's assassination, Ali took caliphate; Mu'awiya refused. First Fitna war; permanent Sunni-Shia split.
倭馬亞王朝 Umayyad Caliphate
伊斯蘭帝國第一個世襲王朝，版圖從西班牙延伸至中亞，首都大馬士革，是當時世界最大國家。
Islam's first hereditary dynasty; territory stretches from Spain to Central Asia; capital Damascus; one of history's largest states.
卡爾巴拉事件 Battle of Karbala
先知之孫胡笙在卡爾巴拉被殺，此事件成為什葉派伊斯蘭的精神核心，遜尼什葉分裂永久化。
The Prophet's grandson Husayn is killed at Karbala — this becomes the spiritual heart of Shia Islam and permanently deepens the Sunni-Shia split.
圓頂清真寺建於聖殿山 Dome of the Rock Built on Temple Mount
伍麥葉哈里發阿卜杜勒-馬利克在猶太聖殿遺址上建造圓頂清真寺，此舉至今仍是以巴衝突的核心爭議，猶太人視此地為最神聖之所。
Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik built the Dome of the Rock on the ruins of the Jewish Temple — still the core dispute of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
伊斯蘭進入西班牙 Islam Enters Iberia
伊斯蘭軍隊越過直布羅陀海峽，在數年內征服伊比利亞半島，安達盧斯文明隨之誕生。
Islamic forces cross the Strait of Gibraltar and conquer the Iberian Peninsula within years, giving birth to the Andalusian civilization.
Tours 戰役·阻 Umayyad 入歐 Battle of Tours — stops Umayyad in Europe
Frank 王 Charles Martel 在 Poitiers 擊敗 Abdul Rahman 阿拉伯軍，西歐免於阿拉伯征服，Carolingian 王朝奠基。
Frankish leader Charles Martel defeated Abdul Rahman near Poitiers. Halted Umayyad expansion in Western Europe.
阿拔斯黃金時代 Abbasid Golden Age
巴格達成為世界知識中心，阿拉伯學者翻譯保存古希臘典籍，代數、天文、醫學大幅進步。
Baghdad becomes the world's center of knowledge; Arab scholars translate Greek texts, making great advances in algebra, astronomy, and medicine.
阿拔斯革命·Zab 戰役 Abbasid Revolution — Battle of the Zab
Abu Muslim 領波斯穆斯林反 Umayyad 阿拉伯精英主義，Zab 戰役大敗 Marwan II，As-Saffah 立 Abbasid 王朝。
Abu Muslim led Persian Muslims against Arab elite. Battle of Zab defeated Marwan II; As-Saffah founded Abbasid.
巴格達建城·世界中心 Baghdad Founded — Center of the World
阿拔斯哈里發曼蘇爾在底格里斯河畔建立圓形城市巴格達，很快成為世界最大城市（人口超過100萬），是伊斯蘭黃金時代的核心。
Abbasid Caliph al-Mansur built the circular city of Baghdad on the Tigris, which quickly became the world's largest city (over 1 million) and heart of the Islamic Golden Age.
772 – 934 · 4 條事件 772 – 934 · 4 events
花拉子密・代數學 Al-Khwarizmi — Father of Algebra
波斯數學家，著《代數學》開創代數這門學科，「Algorithm（演算法）」一詞即源自其名字拉丁化。
Persian mathematician; his book Al-Kitab al-mukhtasar creates algebra as a discipline; 'Algorithm' derives from the Latin form of his name.
Harun al-Rashid·一千零一夜時代 Harun al-Rashid — Arabian Nights era
Abbasid 第五哈里發在位 23 年，巴格達文化、貿易、學術巔峰，與 Charlemagne 互贈禮物。一千零一夜傳奇主角。
5th Abbasid Caliph reigned 23 years. Baghdad's cultural, commercial, scholarly peak. Exchanged gifts with Charlemagne.
智慧宮·翻譯運動 House of Wisdom — Translation Movement
巴格達智慧宮將希臘、波斯、印度的科學著作譯成阿拉伯文，保存並發展了古典知識，代數學、光學、醫學在此大幅進步。
Baghdad's House of Wisdom translated Greek, Persian and Indian scientific texts into Arabic, preserving classical knowledge and advancing algebra, optics and medicine.
Fatimid 王朝建·什葉派挑戰 Fatimid Caliphate founded — Shia challenge
Ubayd Allah 在突尼斯立 Fatimid，自稱穆罕默德女兒 Fatima 後裔，969 攻埃及建開羅，與 Abbasid 並立兩世紀。
Ubayd Allah founded Fatimid in Tunisia; claimed descent from Fatima. Conquered Egypt 969, founded Cairo.
934 – 1096 · 2 條事件 934 – 1096 · 2 events
伊本・海賽姆・光學 Ibn al-Haytham — Optics
阿拉伯學者，著《光學之書》，首次用實驗方法研究光的折射反射，被譽為現代科學方法的先驅。
Arab scholar; his Book of Optics studies light with experiment for the first time — considered a pioneer of the scientific method.
伊本・西拿・醫學典範 Ibn Sina — Canon of Medicine
波斯醫學家，著《醫學典範》，整合古希臘與伊斯蘭醫學知識，在歐洲被使用超過600年。
Persian physician; his Canon of Medicine synthesizes Greek and Islamic medical knowledge; used in Europe for over 600 years.
1096 – 1258 · 2 條事件 1096 – 1258 · 2 events
薩拉丁收復耶路撒冷 Saladin Recaptures Jerusalem
庫德族將領薩拉丁統一伊斯蘭世界，從十字軍手中收復耶路撒冷，成為伊斯蘭世界的英雄人物。
Kurdish leader Saladin unifies the Islamic world and recaptures Jerusalem from the Crusaders — a hero of the Islamic world.
蒙古滅阿拔斯・巴格達陷落 Mongols Sack Baghdad
蒙古旭烈兀汗攻陷巴格達，末代哈里發被殺，圖書館典籍投入底格里斯河，伊斯蘭黃金時代終結。
Mongol Hulagu Khan sacks Baghdad; the last caliph is killed; library books thrown into the Tigris — the Islamic Golden Age ends.