君士坦丁堡建城 Constantinople Founded
君士坦丁大帝建立新首都，東羅馬帝國開始
Constantine the Great founds his new capital, beginning the Eastern Roman Empire.
拜占庭帝國 Byzantine Empire
君士坦丁堡一夜建城，1000年屹立東方。直到鄂圖曼炮火落下，這座帝國才從歷史退場。
Constantine built a city that lasted a thousand years. Then Ottoman cannons brought it down, and an empire vanished from history.
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330 – 622 · 9 條事件 330 – 622 · 9 events
拜占庭帝國 Byzantine Empire
東羅馬帝國在君士坦丁堡延續千年，保存古希臘羅馬文化，是連接古典與中世紀歐洲的橋樑。
The Eastern Roman Empire survives for 1,000 years in Constantinople, preserving Greco-Roman culture and bridging classical antiquity to medieval Europe.
查士丁尼一世 Justinian I
東羅馬最偉大的皇帝，編纂《查士丁尼法典》奠定歐洲法律基礎，建造聖索菲亞大教堂，短暫重建羅馬帝國版圖。
Greatest Byzantine emperor; compiles Justinian's Code laying foundations of European law; builds Hagia Sophia; briefly restores Roman territory.
Theodora 共治皇后 Empress Theodora — co-ruler
出身舞女戲子，與 Justinian 同等共治，影響法律、宗教、政變對策，史上最強勢拜占庭皇后。
Former actress; co-ruled with Justinian. Shaped laws, religion, crisis responses. Most powerful Byzantine empress.
查士丁尼大帝 Justinian the Great
收復西羅馬失地，編纂《查士丁尼法典》
Reconquers former Western Roman lands and codifies Roman law.
民法大全·Justinian 法典 Corpus Juris Civilis — Justinian Code
Justinian 命法學家 Tribonian 主持編纂，整合羅馬法千年遺產，奠定日後歐洲大陸法系基礎。
Justinian commissioned Tribonian to codify millennium of Roman law. Foundation of European civil law.
Nika 暴動·Justinian 險被推翻 Nika Riots — Justinian nearly toppled
賽馬黨 Blues 與 Greens 聯合暴動 1 週，焚 Constantinople 半城。Theodora 力勸 Justinian 留下，Belisarius 屠殺 3 萬叛眾。
Blues and Greens chariot factions rioted for a week. Theodora persuaded Justinian to stay; Belisarius massacred 30k.
聖索菲亞大教堂建成 Hagia Sophia Completed
近千年來世界最大的教堂
The world's largest cathedral for nearly a thousand years.
Plague of Justinian·鼠疫首次世界大流行 Plague of Justinian
541-549 年 Yersinia pestis 鼠疫首次大流行，拜占庭首當其衝，全歐死 2,500-5,000 萬；重創 Justinian 復興計畫。
The first Y. pestis pandemic (541-549) devastated Byzantium and Europe, killing 25-50M and crippling Justinian's reconquest.
622 – 915 · 6 條事件 622 – 915 · 6 events
伊斯蘭征服耶路撒冷 Islamic Conquest of Jerusalem
哈里發歐麥爾率軍征服拜占庭控制的耶路撒冷，伊斯蘭教將耶路撒冷視為第三聖城，此後耶路撒冷的歸屬成為三大宗教千年衝突的核心。
Caliph Umar conquered Byzantine Jerusalem, making it Islam's third holiest city. Jerusalem's ownership became the core of a thousand-year conflict between three religions.
相關主軸：Related axes:猶太教Judaism中東Middle East
希臘火發明 Greek Fire invented
Kallinikos 發明可在水面燃燒的「希臘火」，配虹吸管噴射，多次擊退阿拉伯艦隊，配方為帝國最高機密。
Kallinikos invented water-burning incendiary weapon. Sprayed via siphons. Repelled Arab fleets repeatedly.
阿拉伯首次圍 Constantinople 失敗 First Arab siege of Constantinople fails
Umayyad 哈里發 Sulayman 12 萬兵海陸夾擊，Theodosian 城牆+希臘火+保加利亞援軍逼 Maslama 撤退，伊斯蘭擴張首遇大敗。
Umayyad Caliph Sulayman's 120k force; Theodosian walls + Greek fire + Bulgar relief defeated Maslama.
聖像破壞運動·117 年內爭 Byzantine Iconoclasm — 117 years
皇帝 Leo III 啟動，禁聖像崇拜，引發兩世紀宗教暴力。Theodora 皇后 843 恢復聖像，結束爭議。
Emperor Leo III banned icon veneration; 2 centuries of religious violence. Empress Theodora restored icons in 843.
Cyril 與 Methodius 傳教斯拉夫 Cyril and Methodius — mission to Slavs
兩位 Thessaloniki 兄弟受命傳教 Moravia，發明 Glagolitic 字母譯聖經斯拉夫語，奠斯拉夫東正教文化基礎。
Two Thessaloniki brothers preached in Moravia; invented Glagolitic alphabet for Slavic Bible translation.
馬其頓王朝·拜占庭中興 Macedonian Dynasty — Byzantine Renaissance
Basil I 建王朝，190 年文化軍事黃金期，收復 Anatolia、Crete、Cyprus，學術復興整理古典遺產。
Basil I founded dynasty; 190 years of cultural and military golden age. Recovered Anatolia, Crete, Cyprus.
915 – 1207 · 6 條事件 915 – 1207 · 6 events
Basil II 滅保加利亞·Bulgar Slayer Basil II — the Bulgar Slayer
Kleidion 戰役大勝，俘 14000 保加利亞兵，挖瞎 99% 雙眼留 1% 單眼引路歸國，Tsar Samuel 見狀心碎而亡。
At Kleidion, Basil II captured 14,000 Bulgars; blinded 99% completely, left 1% with one eye to lead them home.
東西教會大分裂 Great Schism
基督教分裂為羅馬天主教與東正教
Christianity splits into Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy.
Manzikert 戰役·土耳其人入 Anatolia Battle of Manzikert
8 月 26 日塞爾柱蘇丹 Alp Arslan 於 Manzikert(今土東)擊敗拜占庭皇帝 Romanos IV，俘虜之。拜占庭 Anatolia 防線崩潰，土耳其部族大舉西進。1077 Rum Sultanate 建於 Konya，Anatolia 從希臘化、基督教地轉為土耳其、伊斯蘭地，鋪平 200 年後鄂圖曼誕生。
On August 26, Seljuk Sultan Alp Arslan defeated Byzantine Emperor Romanos IV at Manzikert (eastern Turkey today), capturing him. Byzantine Anatolian defenses collapsed; Turkic tribes poured west. In 1077 the Sultanate of Rum was founded at Konya. Anatolia transformed from Hellenic-Christian to Turkic-Islamic — setting the stage for the Ottoman birth 200 years later.
Komnenos 王朝·104 年復興 Komnenian Restoration — 104 years
Alexios I Komnenos 建王朝，請十字軍助攻復 Anatolia 部分疆域，但 1185 末王 Andronikos I 被推翻後帝國急衰。
Alexios I founded dynasty; called Crusade for help, recovered parts of Anatolia. Empire declined sharply after 1185.
尼西亞流亡帝國·57 年 Empire of Nicaea — 57 years in exile
第四次十字軍洗劫 Constantinople 後，Theodore I Laskaris 在 Nicaea 立帝國，1261 收復君士坦丁堡。
After Fourth Crusade sack, Theodore I Laskaris established empire-in-exile at Nicaea. Recovered capital 1261.
第四次十字軍洗劫君士坦丁堡 Fourth Crusade Sacks Constantinople
原本前往聖地的十字軍轉而攻打基督教城市君士坦丁堡，大肆劫掠，建立拉丁帝國。此事件嚴重削弱拜占庭，埋下1453年鄂圖曼滅拜占庭的遠因。
Crusaders meant for the Holy Land sacked the Christian city of Constantinople, establishing the Latin Empire. This fatally weakened Byzantium, contributing to the Ottoman conquest in 1453.
1207 – 1500 · 3 條事件 1207 – 1500 · 3 events
Palaiologos 王朝復辟·收復 Constantinople Palaiologan Restoration — Constantinople retaken
Michael VIII Palaiologos 收復君士坦丁堡，建末代王朝，但帝國僅剩希臘小亞細亞殘餘，最後 192 年苟延。
Michael VIII Palaiologos retook Constantinople; founded last dynasty. Empire reduced to Greek and Anatolian remnants.
Mehmet II 巨砲攻城·中世紀終結 Mehmet II's great cannon — end of Middle Ages
Hungarian 工程師 Orban 為 Mehmet II 鑄 8 米巨砲，4 月圍城 53 日，5 月 29 日破 Theodosian 城牆，Constantine XI 戰死。
Hungarian Orban cast 8m cannon for Mehmet II. 53-day siege; walls broken May 29. Constantine XI died fighting.
君士坦丁堡陷落 Fall of Constantinople
鄂圖曼帝國攻陷君士坦丁堡，拜占庭滅亡
Ottoman Empire captures Constantinople, ending the Byzantine Empire.