蒙古帝國 Mongol Empire
成吉思汗統一蒙古各部，建立史上最大的連續陸地帝國，橫跨歐亞大陸。
Genghis Khan unifies the Mongol tribes and builds the largest contiguous land empire in history, spanning from East Asia to Eastern Europe.
相關主軸：Related axes:成吉思汗Genghis Khan
蒙古帝國 Mongol Empire
一個草原上的孤兒統一了蒙古各部。三十年後,他的帝國橫跨亞歐,改變了世界的樣貌。
An orphan from the steppes unified the Mongol tribes. Within three decades, his empire stretched across continents and remade the world.
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1180 – 1260 · 15 條事件 1180 – 1260 · 15 events
蒙古西征・花剌子模 Mongol Invasion of Khwarezmia
成吉思汗首次大規模西征，滅花剌子模帝國
Genghis Khan launches first major western campaign, destroying the Khwarezmian Empire.
西征花剌子模·Otrar 血仇 Mongol Invasion of Khwarezm
1219 Genghis 因 Otrar 殺使事件率 20 萬蒙古軍西征花剌子模，2 年內滅帝國；蒙古西擴起點。
In 1219, Genghis led 200,000 Mongols west against Khwarezm (over the Otrar incident); within 2 years the empire was destroyed—the start of westward expansion.
相關主軸：Related axes:成吉思汗·西征Genghis · Conquests
察合台汗國·中亞蒙古 Chagatai Khanate — Central Asian Mongols
Genghis 次子 Chagatai 領地，含 Transoxiana 與 Tarim Basin。1370 Timur 取代為帖木兒帝國，西支延 17 世紀。
Chagatai's domain including Transoxiana and Tarim Basin. Replaced by Timur in 1370.
Genghis 死於西夏征途 Death of Genghis Khan
1227/8/18 Genghis 於西夏最後圍城途中病逝，密不發喪至西夏覆滅；遺體葬地至今成謎。
Genghis Khan died on Aug 18, 1227 during the final siege of Western Xia; his death was kept secret until Xia fell. His tomb remains undiscovered.
Ögedei Khan 即位·續征服 Ögedei Khan elected — conquests continue
Genghis 三子 Ögedei 在 Kurultai 大會被推舉為 Great Khan，續征西夏、金、東歐，建首都 Karakorum。
Genghis's third son elected at Kurultai. Continued conquests in Xi Xia, Jin, Eastern Europe; founded Karakorum.
Karakorum 首都·世界中心 Karakorum founded — capital of the world
Ögedei 在蒙古高原建 Karakorum 為帝國首都，匯聚使節、商人、工匠來自波斯、中國、歐洲，30 年世界中心。
Ögedei founded Karakorum on Mongol plateau. Envoys, merchants, artisans from Persia, China, Europe gathered.
蒙古滅基輔·韃靼桎梏開始 Mongol Sack of Kiev
12 月 6 日蒙古拔都汗(Batu)攻陷基輔，屠城。Kievan Rus 終結，俄羅斯諸公國臣服蒙古「金帳汗國」240 年(1240-1480)。經濟文化倒退、與西歐隔絕，奠定俄羅斯與歐洲不同的歷史軌跡。
On December 6, Mongol khan Batu sacked Kiev, massacring the city. Kievan Rus ended; Russian principalities became Mongol vassals under the 'Golden Horde' for 240 years (1240-1480). Economic and cultural regression, isolation from Western Europe — setting Russia's divergent path.
韃靼桎梏·蒙古統治 240 年 Tatar Yoke (1240-1480)
金帳汗國(Golden Horde)宗主俄羅斯諸公國，徵稅徵兵 240 年。莫斯科靠當蒙古的稅吏崛起，斯拉夫文明吸收蒙古行政、軍事元素，東正教因蒙古宗教寬容反而興盛(教會免稅)。
The Golden Horde was suzerain over Russian principalities for 240 years, collecting taxes and conscripts. Moscow rose by serving as Mongol tax collector. Slavic civilization absorbed Mongol administrative and military elements; Orthodox Christianity actually flourished (Church was tax-exempt under Mongol religious tolerance).
金帳汗國·262 年 Golden Horde — 262 years
Batu 建立，統治俄羅斯諸公國 240 年「韃靼桎梏」。Berke Khan 1252 改信伊斯蘭，與 Ilkhanate 對抗。1502 被克里米亞汗國滅。
Batu founded; ruled Russian principalities for 240 years (Tatar Yoke). Berke Khan converted to Islam in 1252.
入侵歐洲·Legnica + Mohi 雙勝 Mongol Invasion of Europe
1241/4 Batu 率 Subutai 指揮 2 週內接連在 Legnica 殲波德聯軍、Mohi 殲匈牙利軍；歐洲心臟洞開。
In April 1241, under Subutai's direction, Batu's Mongols annihilated Polish-German forces at Legnica and Hungarian forces at Mohi within 2 weeks.
Möngke Khan·統一帝國末代大汗 Möngke Khan — last unified Great Khan
Tolui 之子，Genghis 之孫，最後一位獲全帝國承認的大汗，派 Hülegü 西征滅 Abbasid，1259 攻南宋途中死去，引發繼位戰爭。
Last Great Khan recognized by entire empire. Sent Hülegü to destroy Abbasid; died 1259 attacking Song.
伊兒汗國·波斯蒙古 Ilkhanate — Persian Mongols
Hülegü 建立，統治波斯與美索不達米亞，1295 Ghazan Khan 改信伊斯蘭推動波斯文化復興，1335 解體。
Hülegü founded; ruled Persia and Mesopotamia. Ghazan Khan converted to Islam in 1295; collapsed 1335.
蒙古攻陷巴格達 Mongol Sack of Baghdad
旭烈兀攻陷巴格達，阿拔斯王朝滅亡
Hulagu sacks Baghdad, ending the Abbasid Caliphate.
Baghdad 陷·阿拔斯終結 Sack of Baghdad
1258/2/10 Hülegü 攻破 Baghdad 屠城 40 日，殺 Caliph Al-Musta'sim，終結 508 年阿拔斯王朝，伊斯蘭世界劇痛。
On Feb 10, 1258, Hülegü sacked Baghdad over 40 days, killed Caliph Al-Musta'sim, ending 508 years of the Abbasid Caliphate—a trauma for the Islamic world.
1260 – 1340 · 9 條事件 1260 – 1340 · 9 events
蒙古和平·百年絲路繁榮 Pax Mongolica — 100 years of Silk Road prosperity
Kublai 統治起，蒙古橫貫歐亞驛站系統使商旅安全往返。Marco Polo、Ibn Battuta、Rabban Bar Sauma 跨洲旅行。
Mongol postal system enabled safe travel across Eurasia. Marco Polo, Ibn Battuta traveled vast distances safely.
Ain Jalut·Mamluk 首敗蒙古 Battle of Ain Jalut
1260/9/3 Mamluk Sultan Qutuz 與 Baibars 在 Ain Jalut 首次擊敗蒙古軍，止住蒙古西擴；伊斯蘭世界保住。
On Sep 3, 1260, Mamluk Sultan Qutuz and Baibars defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut—the first major Mongol defeat, halting westward expansion.
元朝 Yuan Dynasty
蒙古忽必烈建立元朝，統治全中國，馬可波羅來訪，東西方交流空前。
Kublai Khan establishes Yuan; Marco Polo visits; unprecedented East-West exchange.
Marco Polo 東遊·17 年中國 Marco Polo's journey — 17 years in China
威尼斯商人 Marco Polo 17 歲隨父叔到 Kublai 宮廷，居中國 17 年，《馬可·波羅遊記》激發歐洲對東方的想像。
17-year-old Venetian Marco Polo joined Kublai's court for 17 years; Travels inspired European imagination of East.
元寇襲來・蒙古入侵 Mongol Invasions of Japan
蒙古帝國兩次入侵日本均因颱風失敗
Mongol Empire launches two invasions of Japan, both defeated by typhoons ('kamikaze').
崖山海戰·南宋滅 Battle of Yamen · End of Song
1279/3/19 南宋陸秀夫抱 8 歲末帝投海自盡，艦隊全滅；蒙古首次完全征服中國，東征達終點。
On Mar 19, 1279, Song minister Lu Xiufu jumped into the sea with the 8-year-old emperor; the fleet was destroyed—Mongols fully conquered China for the first time.
神風·第二次元寇敗 Kamikaze — Second Mongol invasion of Japan fails
Kublai 14 萬大軍襲日本，颱風摧毀艦隊，神風一詞由此來。日本對抗整合武士階級，蒙古海上擴張受限。
Kublai's 140,000-strong fleet destroyed by typhoon. Origin of "kamikaze". Japan unified samurai class.
蒙古帝國分裂 Mongol Empire Fragments
忽必烈死後蒙古帝國分裂為四大汗國
After Kublai Khan's death, the Mongol Empire fractures into four khanates.
Khubilai 死·大汗時代終 Death of Khubilai Khan
1294/2/18 Khubilai 死於大都，蒙古四大汗國此後各自為政，統一帝國終；元朝延續至 1368。
Khubilai died on Feb 18, 1294 in Khanbaliq; the four Mongol khanates drifted apart—ending the unified empire. The Yuan lasted until 1368.
1340 – 1420 · 2 條事件 1340 – 1420 · 2 events
紅巾起事·元末大亂 Red Turban Rebellion — end of Yuan
白蓮教與民間秘密會社起兵反元，朱元璋崛起，17 年混戰後 1368 攻入大都建明，元宗室北撤蒙古高原。
White Lotus Society uprising. Zhu Yuanzhang rose; after 17 years took Dadu (Beijing) in 1368, founded Ming.
元朝亡·北元殘餘 Yuan falls — Northern Yuan remnants
Zhu Yuanzhang 朱元璋建明朝，元順帝逃 Karakorum，蒙古退回草原為北元，續存至 1635 被清滅。
Zhu Yuanzhang founded Ming. Yuan emperor fled to Karakorum; Northern Yuan persisted until 1635.