蒙兀兒帝國建立 Mughal Empire Founded
Babur founds the Mughal Empire, which will rule most of India for three centuries.
莫臥兒帝國 Mughal Empire
一個中亞騎兵用火槍打敗了印度的舊秩序。接下來 300 年,蒙兀兒帝國建造了泰姬陵、統治了次大陸,然後在納迪爾·沙阿的掠奪中崩潰了。
A Central Asian horseman used gunpowder to shatter India's old order. For three centuries the Mughals built the Taj Mahal, ruled the subcontinent, then collapsed into Nadir Shah's plunder.
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1526 – 1608 · 6 條事件 1526 – 1608 · 6 events
Babur·第一次 Panipat 戰役 Babur — First Battle of Panipat
Timur+Genghis 後裔 Babur 從 Kabul 南下，1.2 萬軍以火藥火砲擊潰 Lodi 蘇丹 10 萬象軍，建 Mughal 王朝。
Timurid-Genghisid Babur from Kabul; his 12,000 with gunpowder defeated Lodi sultan's 100,000. Mughal founded.
Humayun 復國·15 年流亡終 Humayun restored — 15 years exile end
Babur 之子 Humayun 1540 失國流亡波斯 15 年，借 Safavid 騎兵 1555 復國，但隔年圖書館梯失足摔死。
Babur's son lost throne 1540, exiled to Persia 15 years. Recovered with Safavid cavalry 1555; died falling from library steps next year.
Akbar 大帝·49 年盛世 Akbar the Great — 49 years of glory
13 歲即位，治世 49 年擴疆涵蓋整個北印度與 Deccan，廢非穆斯林 jizya 稅，建 Din-i-Ilahi 融合宗教。Mughal 鼎盛。
Took throne at 13; reigned 49 years, conquered north India + Deccan. Abolished jizya tax; founded syncretic Din-i-Ilahi.
Akbar 創 Din-i-Ilahi·融合宗教 Akbar founds Din-i-Ilahi — syncretic religion
融合伊斯蘭、印度教、瑣羅亞斯德教、基督教元素的新宗教，鼓勵帝國境內多教共存，但只 18 弟子，實驗失敗。
Syncretic religion blending Islam, Hinduism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity. Only 18 disciples; experiment failed.
Jahangir 即位·世界征服者 Jahangir — World Seizer
Akbar 之子，藝術、文學、繪畫贊助者。妻 Nur Jahan 實際治國 16 年，史上首位 Mughal 皇后實掌政權。
Akbar's son; patron of art and literature. Wife Nur Jahan effectively ruled 16 years — first Mughal empress in power.
1608 – 1691 · 2 條事件 1608 – 1691 · 2 events
Taj Mahal 興建·絕世陵墓 Taj Mahal built — masterpiece mausoleum
Shah Jahan 為亡妻 Mumtaz Mahal 建白色大理石陵墓，22 年動員 2 萬工匠，融合波斯、伊斯蘭、印度建築風格。
Shah Jahan built white marble mausoleum for wife Mumtaz Mahal. 22 years, 20,000 craftsmen; blended Persian-Islamic-Indian styles.
Aurangzeb·49 年宗教化擴張 Aurangzeb — 49 years of religious expansion
囚父 Shah Jahan 篡位，治 49 年擴疆極盛但伊斯蘭正統化政策反 Hindu，重啟 jizya 稅，激化民族與宗教矛盾種下解體禍根。
Imprisoned father Shah Jahan; reigned 49 years. Islamized policies reversed Akbar's tolerance, sparked Hindu/Sikh resistance.
1691 – 1774 · 1 條事件 1691 – 1774 · 1 events
Nadir Shah 屠 Delhi·搶 Peacock Throne Nadir Shah sacks Delhi — takes Peacock Throne
波斯 Nadir Shah 攻入 Delhi，3 萬印度人被屠殺，搶走 Mughal 國寶 Peacock Throne 與 Koh-i-Noor 鑽石，Mughal 名存實亡。
Persian Nadir Shah sacked Delhi; 30,000 killed. Took Peacock Throne and Koh-i-Noor diamond. Mughal's nominal end.