五次大冰河期 Five Ice Ages

休倫冰河期 Huronian Glaciation

地球史上最早、最嚴重的冰河期之一，由大氧化事件導致溫室氣體甲烷破壞而引發，持續3億年。

One of Earth's earliest and most severe glaciations, triggered by the Great Oxidation Event destroying methane greenhouse gas; lasted 300 million years.

雪球地球 Snowball Earth

地球幾乎完全被冰雪覆蓋，全球平均溫度降至零下50度，海洋表面結冰，持續近1億年。

Earth almost entirely frozen; global temperatures drop to -50°C; ocean surfaces freeze for nearly 100 million years.

安第斯-撒哈拉冰河期 Andean-Saharan Glaciation

Major glaciation ~460–430 Mya affecting Gondwana, linked to the first mass extinction event.

卡魯冰河期 Karoo Ice Age

Longest ice age ~360–260 Mya, associated with the spread of land plants and CO₂ drawdown.

第四紀冰河期（至今） Quaternary Glaciation (ongoing)

260萬年前開始、至今仍在持續的冰河期，包含多次冰期與間冰期，人類在此期間演化。

Ongoing ice age beginning 2.6 million years ago, with multiple glacial-interglacial cycles; humans evolved during this period.

末次冰河期 Last Glacial Period

最後一次冰河期，冰蓋覆蓋北美、歐洲大部，海平面下降120公尺，人類通過白令陸橋進入美洲。

Last glacial period; ice sheets cover North America and Europe; sea level drops 120m; humans cross into Americas via Bering land bridge.

冰河期結束・全新世開始 End of Ice Age・Holocene

Warming after the last ice age begins the Holocene epoch, enabling agriculture and civilization.