📌 內容與授權:本頁事件說明文字(中英)為 Cosmic History Timeline 編輯整理。
圖片來自 Wikimedia Commons,作者與授權詳見每張圖下方連結。
延伸閱讀的 Wikipedia 與 Amazon 連結著作權歸原權利人;Amazon 連結為聯盟連結(不影響你的價格)。
📌 Sources & Credits: Event descriptions (zh / en) are editorial work by Cosmic History Timeline.
Images are sourced from Wikimedia Commons — author and license shown below each image.
Wikipedia and Amazon links belong to their respective rights holders; Amazon links are affiliate links (no extra cost to you).
戰前序曲 · 7 條事件Prelude · 7 events
西元前 431 年war
伯羅奔尼撒戰爭爆發·希臘內戰Peloponnesian War Begins
圖:U.S. Army Cartographer, as amended by uploader to correct spelling mistake · Public domain · Wikimedia CommonsImage: U.S. Army Cartographer, as amended by uploader to correct spelling mistake · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons
In April, Athens (sea power) and Sparta (land power) began a 27-year war that engulfed all Greece. The 430 BC Athenian plague killed Pericles; the 415 BC Sicilian Expedition was a disaster; Athens surrendered in 404 BC. The Greek polis system exhausted itself, paving the way for Macedonia. Thucydides wrote history's first scientific war history.
圖:Joachim von Sandrart (12 May 1606 – 14 October 1688) · Public domain · Wikimedia CommonsImage: Joachim von Sandrart (12 May 1606 – 14 October 1688) · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons
In 415 BC, Athenian Alcibiades pushed for a Syracuse expedition to sever Sparta's supplies. In 413 BC, Nicias's 40,000 troops and 200 ships were annihilated at Syracuse. Athens's best forces were lost overnight; the Peloponnesian War's balance tilted to Sparta. Thucydides called it Greece's greatest disaster.
圖:F. Mitchell, Department of History, United States Military Academy · Public domain · Wikimedia CommonsImage: F. Mitchell, Department of History, United States Military Academy · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons