伯羅奔尼撒戰爭 Peloponnesian War

雅典與斯巴達的衝突引爆了希臘世界。27年的戰爭、瘟疫、背叛與慘敗,民主制度在西西里的沙灘上走向末日。

Athens and Sparta collided; all of Greece burned. Twenty-seven years of plague, treachery, and ruin—a democracy undone on a Sicilian beach.

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戰前序曲 · 7 條事件 Prelude · 7 events

西元前 431 年 war

伯羅奔尼撒戰爭爆發·希臘內戰 Peloponnesian War Begins

伯羅奔尼撒戰爭爆發·希臘內戰 / Peloponnesian War Begins
圖:U.S. Army Cartographer, as amended by uploader to correct spelling mistake · Public domain · Wikimedia CommonsImage: U.S. Army Cartographer, as amended by uploader to correct spelling mistake · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

4 月雅典(海權) vs 斯巴達(陸權)27 年大戰爆發,全希臘捲入。430 年雅典瘟疫(Pericles 死)、-415 Sicily 遠征慘敗、-404 Athens 投降。希臘城邦體系耗竭,為馬其頓崛起開路。Thucydides 寫下史上首部科學戰史。

In April, Athens (sea power) and Sparta (land power) began a 27-year war that engulfed all Greece. The 430 BC Athenian plague killed Pericles; the 415 BC Sicilian Expedition was a disaster; Athens surrendered in 404 BC. The Greek polis system exhausted itself, paving the way for Macedonia. Thucydides wrote history's first scientific war history.

相關主軸:Related axes:波斯/伊朗Persia西方West跨文明Cross-Civilization
西元前 430 年 war

伯羅奔尼撒戰爭爆發 Peloponnesian War Breaks Out

伯羅奔尼撒戰爭爆發 / Peloponnesian War Breaks Out
圖:Translator was Kenmayer · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia CommonsImage: Translator was Kenmayer · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons

公元前 431 年春,斯巴達盟邦 Thebes 偷襲雅典盟邦 Plataea,27 年大戰開打;Thucydides 寫史見證。

In spring 431 BC, Theban allies of Sparta attacked Plataea (Athens ally), starting 27 years of war—chronicled by Thucydides.

相關主軸:Related axes:希臘羅馬Greece & Rome
西元前 430 年 war

斯巴達侵阿提卡 Spartan Invasion of Attica

斯巴達侵阿提卡 / Spartan Invasion of Attica
圖:Translator was Kenmayer · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia CommonsImage: Translator was Kenmayer · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons

前 431 年夏,Archidamus 率斯巴達軍侵雅典周邊農田;Pericles 策略性撤居民入城牆內。

In summer 431 BC, King Archidamus invaded Attica's farmland; Pericles withdrew the population within the city walls.

西元前 429 年 culture

Pericles 葬禮演說 Pericles' Funeral Oration

Pericles 葬禮演說 / Pericles' Funeral Oration
圖:Philipp Foltz · Public domain · Wikimedia CommonsImage: Philipp Foltz · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

前 431/430 冬 Pericles 為首批陣亡者演說,頌揚雅典民主,由 Thucydides 記錄流傳。

In winter 431/430 BC, Pericles eulogized the first war dead, celebrating Athenian democracy—preserved by Thucydides.

相關主軸:Related axes:希臘羅馬Greece & Rome
西元前 429 年 war

雅典大瘟疫·Pericles 危機 Plague of Athens

雅典大瘟疫·Pericles 危機 / Plague of Athens
圖:Michiel Sweerts · Public domain · Wikimedia CommonsImage: Michiel Sweerts · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

公元前 430-426 斯巴達封城期間,瘟疫(可能為傷寒)殺死雅典 1/4 人口,Pericles 次年殉疫。

During Sparta's siege (430-426 BC), a plague (possibly typhus) killed a quarter of Athens's population; Pericles died of it in 429.

相關主軸:Related axes:希臘羅馬Greece & Rome瘟疫·古代Pandemics · Ancient
西元前 428 年 politics

Pericles 死於瘟疫 Death of Pericles

Pericles 死於瘟疫 / Death of Pericles
圖:Copy of Cresilas · CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia CommonsImage: Copy of Cresilas · CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons

前 429 年秋,雅典民主領袖 Pericles 染疫而亡,之後激進民主派 Cleon 崛起,戰略趨於冒險。

Pericles died of the plague in autumn 429 BC; the radical democrat Cleon rose, pushing riskier strategies.

相關主軸:Related axes:希臘羅馬Greece & Rome
西元前 424 年 war

Pylos·Sphacteria·俘斯巴達人 Pylos-Sphacteria Campaign

Pylos·Sphacteria·俘斯巴達人 / Pylos-Sphacteria Campaign
圖:Captain Blood at de.wikipedia · Public domain · Wikimedia CommonsImage: Captain Blood at de.wikipedia · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

前 425 雅典 Demosthenes 在 Pylos 設防,圍困 Sphacteria 島斯巴達 420 精銳,俘 292 人震驚希臘。

In 425 BC at Pylos, Demosthenes trapped 420 Spartan elites on Sphacteria; capturing 292 shocked Greece (Spartans never surrendered).

開戰 · 2 條事件 Outbreak · 2 events

西元前 421 年 war

Amphipolis·Brasidas 與 Cleon 戰死 Battle of Amphipolis

Amphipolis·Brasidas 與 Cleon 戰死 / Battle of Amphipolis
圖:Theodore Ayrauld Dodge · Public domain · Wikimedia CommonsImage: Theodore Ayrauld Dodge · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

前 422 斯巴達 Brasidas 在 Amphipolis 大敗雅典軍,雙方主戰領袖 Brasidas / Cleon 同時陣亡,促 Nicias 和約。

In 422 BC at Amphipolis, Spartan Brasidas defeated Athens; both hawks Brasidas and Cleon died, paving way for Peace of Nicias.

西元前 420 年 politics

Nicias 和約·短暫休戰 Peace of Nicias

Nicias 和約·短暫休戰 / Peace of Nicias
圖:Joachim von Sandrart (12 May 1606 – 14 October 1688) · Public domain · Wikimedia CommonsImage: Joachim von Sandrart (12 May 1606 – 14 October 1688) · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

公元前 421/3 雅典 Nicias 與斯巴達簽 50 年和約,實際 6 年後即破裂;雙方互歸俘虜。

In March 421 BC, Athenian Nicias and Sparta signed a 50-year peace (lasted only 6); both sides exchanged prisoners.

相關主軸:Related axes:希臘羅馬Greece & Rome

全面爆發 · 4 條事件 Escalation · 4 events

西元前 414 年 war

西西里遠征出發 Sicilian Expedition Sets Sail

西西里遠征出發 / Sicilian Expedition Sets Sail
圖:John Steeple Davis · Public domain · Wikimedia CommonsImage: John Steeple Davis · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

公元前 415/6 雅典派 Alcibiades 率 40,000 兵 134 船遠征 Syracuse,史上最大希臘遠征軍。

In June 415 BC, Athens dispatched Alcibiades with 40,000 troops on 134 ships to conquer Syracuse—the largest Greek expedition ever.

相關主軸:Related axes:希臘羅馬Greece & Rome羅馬時代Roman Era
西元前 414 年 politics

Alcibiades 叛逃斯巴達 Alcibiades Defects to Sparta

Alcibiades 叛逃斯巴達 / Alcibiades Defects to Sparta
圖:François-André Vincent · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia CommonsImage: François-André Vincent · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons

前 415 Alcibiades 被雅典以褻瀆神像罪召回,途中叛逃斯巴達,獻計 Decelea 設常駐要塞困雅典。

Recalled to Athens on impiety charges, Alcibiades defected to Sparta (415 BC); he advised fortifying Decelea to squeeze Athens.

相關主軸:Related axes:希臘羅馬Greece & Rome
西元前 413 年 war

西西里遠征慘敗·雅典轉折 Sicilian Expedition Disaster

西西里遠征慘敗·雅典轉折 / Sicilian Expedition Disaster
圖:John Steeple Davis · Public domain · Wikimedia CommonsImage: John Steeple Davis · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

-415 年雅典 Alcibiades 力主遠征敘拉古以斷斯巴達補給線。-413 年 Nicias 率 4 萬人、200 艦隊全軍覆沒於 Syracuse。雅典精銳一夕失盡,伯羅奔尼撒戰爭天秤倒向斯巴達。Thucydides 稱希臘史最大災難。

In 415 BC, Athenian Alcibiades pushed for a Syracuse expedition to sever Sparta's supplies. In 413 BC, Nicias's 40,000 troops and 200 ships were annihilated at Syracuse. Athens's best forces were lost overnight; the Peloponnesian War's balance tilted to Sparta. Thucydides called it Greece's greatest disaster.

相關主軸:Related axes:羅馬時代Roman Era西方West跨文明Cross-Civilization
西元前 412 年 war

Syracuse 慘敗·雅典艦隊全滅 Disaster at Syracuse

Syracuse 慘敗·雅典艦隊全滅 / Disaster at Syracuse
圖:Kiran891 · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia CommonsImage: Kiran891 · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons

公元前 413/9 雅典遠征軍在 Syracuse 被斯巴達+Syracuse 聯軍圍殲,Nicias 處決,雅典元氣大傷。

In Sep 413 BC, the Athenian expedition was annihilated at Syracuse; Nicias was executed—a catastrophic blow to Athens.

相關主軸:Related axes:希臘羅馬Greece & Rome

終戰 · 4 條事件 Endgame · 4 events

西元前 410 年 politics

雅典四百寡頭政變 Athenian Oligarchy of Four Hundred

雅典四百寡頭政變 / Athenian Oligarchy of Four Hundred
圖:Adam Carr at English Wikipedia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia CommonsImage: Adam Carr at English Wikipedia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons

前 411/6 雅典寡頭派發動政變推翻民主 4 個月,後被激進民主派反撲,短暫「五千人」過渡政權。

In June 411 BC, oligarchs overthrew Athenian democracy for 4 months before moderate 'Five Thousand' restored limited democracy.

西元前 409 年 war

Cyzicus 海戰·雅典短暫復甦 Battle of Cyzicus

Cyzicus 海戰·雅典短暫復甦 / Battle of Cyzicus
圖:F. Mitchell, Department of History, United States Military Academy · Public domain · Wikimedia CommonsImage: F. Mitchell, Department of History, United States Military Academy · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

前 410 Alcibiades 復出率雅典艦隊在 Cyzicus 殲斯巴達艦隊,短暫復興雅典海權。

Alcibiades returned and led Athens's fleet to annihilate the Spartan navy at Cyzicus (410 BC), briefly reviving Athenian sea power.

西元前 405 年 war

Arginusae·將軍審判 Battle of Arginusae

Arginusae·將軍審判 / Battle of Arginusae
圖:User:पाटलिपुत्र · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia CommonsImage: User:पाटलिपुत्र · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons

前 406/8 雅典慘勝斯巴達後,未救海難中的水手,歸國後 6 位將軍被民眾處決,元氣大傷。

After a Pyrrhic victory at Arginusae (406 BC), 6 Athenian generals were executed for failing to rescue survivors—a self-inflicted wound.

西元前 404 年 war

Aegospotami 海戰·雅典海軍覆滅 Battle of Aegospotami

Aegospotami 海戰·雅典海軍覆滅 / Battle of Aegospotami
圖:FlankerFF · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia CommonsImage: FlankerFF · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons

公元前 405/9 斯巴達 Lysander 在 Hellespont 突襲毀雅典艦隊 170 艘,雅典失海、糧道斷。

In Sep 405 BC, Spartan Lysander surprised and destroyed Athens's 170-ship fleet at Aegospotami, cutting the grain supply.

相關主軸:Related axes:希臘羅馬Greece & Rome