居魯士大帝 Cyrus the Great
建立波斯阿契美尼德帝國，征服巴比倫後解放被囚猶太人，頒布人類史上最早的人權宣言「居魯士圓柱」。
Founds the Persian Achaemenid Empire; after conquering Babylon, frees the captive Jews and issues the Cyrus Cylinder — history's earliest human rights declaration.
波斯帝國 Persian Empire
居魯士大帝創建了有史以來最龐大的帝國，把波斯從邊陲變成了中東的心臟。千年間三個朝代興衰更替，直到最後被阿拉伯人的劍風刮平。
Cyrus the Great built the ancient world's largest empire and remade Persia from periphery to centre. Three dynasties rose and fell across a thousand years, until Arab conquest ended it all.
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-559 – -244 · 16 條事件 -559 – -244 · 16 events
Cyrus 大帝·首個世界帝國 Cyrus the Great — first world empire
居魯士二世建立阿契美尼德波斯，征服米底、呂底亞、新巴比倫，疆域橫跨 3 大文明區，史上首個多文明世界帝國。
Cyrus II founded Achaemenid Persia, conquered Media, Lydia, Neo-Babylonian Empire — first multi-civilization world empire.
相關主軸：Related axes:阿契美尼德Achaemenid兩河流域Mesopotamia猶太教Judaism
阿契美尼德帝國·首個世界帝國 Achaemenid Empire
Cyrus 大帝建帝國，至 Darius I、Xerxes 時達鼎盛，統 5 百萬 km²、5 千萬人，從愛琴海到印度。人類首個多民族寬容帝國：波斯統治，尊重各民族宗教、法律、語言。Zoroaster 教為國教。亞歷山大 -330 滅。
Founded by Cyrus the Great, reaching its zenith under Darius I and Xerxes — 5 million km² and 50 million people, from the Aegean to India. Humanity's first multi-ethnic tolerant empire: Persian rule respected other peoples' religions, laws, and languages. Zoroastrianism as state religion. Fallen to Alexander in -330.
Cyrus 征服巴比倫·新巴比倫滅 Cyrus conquers Babylon — Neo-Babylonia falls
居魯士兵不血刃進入巴比倫，Nabonidus 王被廢，新巴比倫帝國滅。Cyrus Cylinder 自稱獲 Marduk 神之恩。
Cyrus entered Babylon without battle. Nabonidus deposed. Cyrus Cylinder claims Marduk's mandate.
居魯士令·猶太人獲釋回鄉 Cyrus Decree — Jews Return Home
波斯王居魯士大帝頒布詔令，允許被巴比倫擄走的猶太人返回迦南，重建耶路撒冷聖殿，被猶太人稱為解放者。
Persian King Cyrus the Great decreed that Jews exiled by Babylon could return to Canaan and rebuild Jerusalem's Temple, hailed by Jews as a liberator.
Cambyses 征服埃及·併入波斯 Cambyses conquers Egypt
居魯士之子 Cambyses II 滅第 26 王朝，埃及成為波斯第六省。Pelusium 戰役決勝負。
Cyrus's son Cambyses II ended 26th Dynasty; Egypt became Persia's 6th satrapy after Battle of Pelusium.
Darius I 即位·帝國重組 Darius I — empire reorganization
平定 Bardiya 篡位之亂後即位，重劃 20 個 satrapy 行省、統一鑄幣（daric）、建驛站、修御道，開帝國盛世。
Suppressed Bardiya revolt; reorganized into 20 satrapies, unified coinage (daric), built Royal Road.
大流士一世・波斯波利斯 Darius I & Persepolis
大流士一世鞏固波斯帝國，建造壯麗的波斯波利斯宮殿群，完善行省制度，使帝國達到極盛。
Darius I consolidates Persian power, builds the magnificent Persepolis palace complex, perfects the satrapy system.
Behistun 多語石刻·解楔形文字之鑰 Behistun Inscription — key to deciphering cuneiform
Darius I 命刻於 Kermanshah 山崖，古波斯語、Elam 語、巴比倫語三語對照，1835 Rawlinson 解碼楔形文字。
Darius I trilingual cliff inscription. Rosetta-Stone equivalent that unlocked cuneiform in 1835.
御道 + 驛站系統·古代郵政 Royal Road + relay stations — ancient postal system
Sardis 至 Susa 全長 2,400 km，每 25 km 一驛站，皇家信使 7-9 日抵達（一般要 3 月），希羅多德盛讚。
2,400 km from Sardis to Susa, relay stations every 25 km. Royal couriers in 7-9 days vs 3 months normally.
Darius 第一次征希臘 Darius's First Greek Invasion
為報復雅典支持愛奧尼亞反叛，Darius I 派女婿 Mardonius 率艦隊渡愛琴海征希臘。-492 艦隊遭 Athos 角風暴全滅。-490 第二次派軍登陸馬拉松被雅典擊敗。開啟 50 年希波戰爭。
To avenge Athens's support of the Ionian revolt, Darius I sent his son-in-law Mardonius across the Aegean. The 492 fleet was destroyed by a storm at Cape Athos. The 490 second invasion landed at Marathon but was defeated by the Athenians — starting 50 years of Greco-Persian Wars.
Xerxes 大征希臘·Salamis 海戰敗 Xerxes's Invasion & Salamis
5 月 Xerxes 率史上最大陸軍(~30 萬)+1200 艦隊東渡 Hellespont 征希臘。8 月溫泉關勝(屠 300 斯巴達)、9 月焚雅典。但 9 月 Salamis 海戰波斯艦隊被 Themistocles 誘入狹海峽殲滅。-479 Plataea 陸戰敗，退軍永失希臘。
In May, Xerxes led history's largest land army (~300,000) plus 1,200 ships across the Hellespont to invade Greece. In August he won Thermopylae (massacring 300 Spartans) and in September burned Athens. But at Salamis (September), Themistocles lured the Persian fleet into narrow straits and annihilated it. Defeat at Plataea (-479) ended Persia's Greek ambitions forever.
Plataea 陸戰·希波戰爭終 Battle of Plataea — end of Greco-Persian Wars
希臘聯軍在 Pausanias 統帥下殲滅 Mardonius 波斯陸軍主力，與同日 Mycale 海戰雙重勝利結束希波戰爭。
Greek alliance under Pausanias destroyed Persian land army of Mardonius. With Mycale, ended Persian Wars.
Callias 和約·希波休戰 Peace of Callias — Greco-Persian truce
Athens 雅典與 Artaxerxes I 締約，波斯放棄愛琴海西岸，希臘城邦獨立確認，但和約真實性學界仍辯論。
Athens and Artaxerxes I treaty. Persia ceded Aegean coast. Historicity still debated.
亞歷山大滅阿契美尼德波斯 Alexander Destroys Achaemenid Persia
馬其頓王亞歷山大大帝擊敗大流士三世，焚毀波斯波利斯，阿契美尼德波斯帝國滅亡，波斯進入希臘化時代。大流士三世逃亡後被部下所殺，兩百年波斯帝國就此終結。
Alexander the Great defeated Darius III and burned Persepolis, ending the Achaemenid Empire. Darius fled and was killed by his own men, terminating two centuries of Persian dominance.
帕提亞帝國·抗羅馬 470 年 Parthian Empire
Arsacid 王朝繼塞琉古之後統治伊朗 470 年。-53 Carrhae 戰役擊敗克拉蘇羅馬軍、斬殺克拉蘇，是羅馬東擴最大挫敗。帕提亞騎射(Parthian shot)戰術傳奇。伊朗文化繼續繁榮，絲路貿易鼎盛。
The Arsacid dynasty ruled Iran for 470 years after the Seleucids. At Carrhae (-53) they defeated Crassus's Roman army, killing him — Rome's greatest eastern setback. Parthian mounted archery ('Parthian shot') became legendary. Iranian culture flourished; the Silk Road thrived.
-244 – 70 · 2 條事件 -244 – 70 · 2 events
Mithridates II·帕提亞極盛 Mithridates II — Parthian apogee
帕提亞帝國最強盛期，疆域達 Euphrates 至 Indus，與漢朝建立絲路東段聯繫，與羅馬 Sulla 首次外交接觸。
Parthian zenith from Euphrates to Indus. Established Silk Road links with Han China; first Roman contact via Sulla.
Carrhae 戰役·Crassus 全軍覆沒 Battle of Carrhae — Crassus annihilated
Crassus 率 7 軍團 4 萬入侵帕提亞，遭 Surena 萬騎射穿與重騎兵殲滅，2 萬戰死、1 萬被俘、Crassus 被殺。羅馬東擴至此止步。
Crassus led 7 legions (40k) into Parthia. Surena's horse archers and cataphracts destroyed them: 20k dead, 10k captured.
相關主軸：Related axes:帕提亞Parthian跨文明Cross-Civilization凱撒Julius Caesar
70 – 385 · 4 條事件 70 – 385 · 4 events
Trajan 短暫攻克泰西封 Trajan briefly captures Ctesiphon
羅馬皇帝 Trajan 最大東進攻克帕提亞首都 Ctesiphon，短暫設 Mesopotamia 與 Assyria 行省，繼任 Hadrian 即放棄。
Roman emperor Trajan captured Parthian capital Ctesiphon, briefly creating Mesopotamia/Assyria provinces.
Ardashir 推翻帕提亞·薩珊建 Ardashir defeats Parthia — Sassanid founded
Persis 地方王 Ardashir I 在 Hormozdgān 戰役擊敗最後帕提亞王 Artabanus IV，建立薩珊王朝，恢復波斯民族色彩。
Ardashir I of Persis defeated last Parthian king Artabanus IV at Hormozdgān, founding Sassanid Dynasty.
薩珊波斯帝國 Sassanid Persian Empire
伊朗最後一個前伊斯蘭王朝，瑣羅亞斯德教為國教，與羅馬拜占庭爭雄四百年，最終亡於伊斯蘭軍隊。
Iran's last pre-Islamic dynasty; Zoroastrianism as state religion; rivaled Rome and Byzantium for 400 years before falling to Islam.
Shapur I 俘虜羅馬皇 Valerian Shapur I captures Roman Emperor Valerian
Edessa 戰役 Shapur I 俘羅馬皇帝 Valerian，史上唯一被俘的羅馬皇帝。Naqsh-e Rustam 浮雕記之。
At Edessa, Shapur I captured Roman Emperor Valerian — only Roman emperor captured alive. Recorded at Naqsh-e Rustam.
385 – 700 · 5 條事件 385 – 700 · 5 events
Khosrow I 大改革·薩珊極盛 Khosrow I reforms — Sassanid zenith
土地改革、稅制重整、軍制四方統帥、文化贊助學者翻譯希臘印度典籍，被稱「不朽靈魂」(Anushirvan)。
Land/tax reforms, four-frontier military command, sponsored translations of Greek and Indian texts.
薩珊-拜占庭大戰·兩敗俱傷 Sassanid–Byzantine War
薩珊波斯與拜占庭帝國爆發歷史上最具破壞力的戰爭，長達26年，雙方死傷慘重、國力耗盡。戰爭剛結束，阿拉伯穆斯林軍隊隨即崛起，輕易征服了兩個精疲力竭的帝國。
The most destructive war between Sassanid Persia and Byzantium lasted 26 years and exhausted both empires. Arab Muslim forces rose immediately after and easily conquered both exhausted powers.
Heraclius 反攻·Nineveh 戰役 Heraclius counter-attack — Battle of Nineveh
拜占庭皇帝 Heraclius 大敗薩珊軍於 Nineveh，奪回失地與真十字架，但雙帝國俱疲，為阿拉伯崛起鋪路。
Byzantine Emperor Heraclius crushed Sassanid army at Nineveh, recovered True Cross. Both empires exhausted.
伊斯蘭征服波斯 Islamic Conquest of Persia
伊斯蘭軍隊擊敗薩珊帝國，波斯文明融入伊斯蘭世界，波斯語、藝術與文化深刻影響伊斯蘭文明。
Islamic forces defeat the Sassanid Empire; Persian civilization merges with the Islamic world, deeply influencing its culture and arts.
伊斯蘭波斯·850 年 Islamic Persia (651-1501)
薩珊滅亡到薩法維建立之間，波斯被阿拉伯、土耳其、蒙古、帖木兒輪番統治 850 年。但波斯文化反征服統治者：新波斯語成為伊斯蘭世界第二通用語、Shahnameh 等文學誕生、Avicenna/Khayyam 等科學哲學巨匠輩出、Bukhara/Samarkand 成伊斯蘭文化中心。
From the Sasanian fall to Safavid founding, Persia was ruled in turn by Arabs, Turks, Mongols, and Timurids for 850 years. But Persian culture conquered its conquerors: New Persian became Islam's second lingua franca, literature like the Shahnameh flourished, polymath giants (Avicenna, Khayyam) emerged, and Bukhara and Samarkand became Islamic cultural centers.