凱撒遇刺 Assassination of Caesar

尤利烏斯·凱撒在羅馬元老院被刺殺,引發內戰,最終導致羅馬共和國終結。
Julius Caesar is assassinated in the Senate, triggering civil war and ultimately ending the Roman Republic.
奧古斯都用和平換取帝國。500年後,基督教和蠻族終結了羅馬。
Augustus traded the republic for peace. Five centuries later, Christianity and barbarians ended Rome.
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尤利烏斯·凱撒在羅馬元老院被刺殺,引發內戰,最終導致羅馬共和國終結。
Julius Caesar is assassinated in the Senate, triggering civil war and ultimately ending the Roman Republic.

奧古斯都稱帝開啟帝國時代,羅馬法律、建築、語言(拉丁文)奠定西方文明的基礎,影響延續至今。
Augustus becomes emperor; Roman law, architecture, and Latin language lay the foundations of Western civilization — their influence endures today.

Octavian 結束內戰、改稱 Augustus,建立元首制 (Principate),羅馬從共和變帝國,開 200 年 Pax Romana 序幕。
Octavian ended civil wars, took title Augustus, founded Principate. Republic became Empire — Pax Romana begins.

日耳曼酋長 Arminius 設伏,殲滅 Varus 統率的 17、18、19 軍團 2 萬人,羅馬永遠放棄萊茵河以東。
Germanic chief Arminius ambushed Varus's 17-19 legions (20k). Rome abandoned east of Rhine forever.

Tiberius / Caligula / Claudius / Nero 四帝,Augustus 家族統治;Nero 大火後自殺,王朝終。
Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero — Augustus's family dynasty ended with Nero's suicide after Great Fire.

Iceni 部落女王 Boudicca 反抗羅馬統治,焚 Camulodunum、Londinium、Verulamium 三城,最終敗於 Suetonius Paulinus。
Iceni queen Boudicca razed Camulodunum, Londinium, Verulamium. Defeated by Suetonius Paulinus.

Nero 死後一年內 Galba、Otho、Vitellius 接連登基又敗亡,Vespasian 終勝建 Flavian 王朝。
Galba, Otho, Vitellius rose and fell within a year. Vespasian prevailed, founding Flavian dynasty.

維蘇威火山爆發埋葬龐貝城,意外保存了羅馬帝國時期完整的城市面貌,成為最重要的考古遺址之一。
Vesuvius buries Pompeii, accidentally preserving a complete Roman city — now one of the most important archaeological sites in the world.

Vespasian 動工、Titus 完工、Domitian 增建,5 萬人座位,羅馬最大圓形劇場,落成慶 100 日競技。
Started by Vespasian, finished by Titus. 50,000 seats. 100-day inaugural games.

Nerva / Trajan / Hadrian / Antoninus Pius / Marcus Aurelius,84 年盛世,採養子繼承制,疆域、文化、經濟巔峰。
Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius — 84 years of peace via adoptive succession.

Trajan 117 年帝國最大疆域:北至蘇格蘭、南至北非、東至 Mesopotamia。Dacia 黃金充羅馬國庫,Trajan's Column 永誌。
Empire reached greatest extent under Trajan: Britain to Mesopotamia. Dacian gold filled treasury.

Hadrian 即位後改採守勢,放棄 Mesopotamia,建長 117 km 石牆橫貫不列顛北界,標誌帝國從擴張轉守成。
Hadrian abandoned Mesopotamia, built 117 km wall across north Britain. Empire shifted expansion to defense.

165-180 年羅馬帝國爆發疑似天花 / 麻疹的大瘟疫,死 500 萬(含 Marcus Aurelius 本人),動搖帝國巔峰。
A suspected smallpox/measles plague hit the Roman Empire (165-180), killing ~5M including Marcus Aurelius—shaking the empire at its peak.

Stoic 哲學家皇帝,《沉思錄》傳世。在位末期 Antonine 瘟疫、日耳曼戰爭、繼業誤選 Commodus 為帝國轉折點。
Stoic philosopher-emperor; Meditations. Reign saw Antonine Plague, German wars, fateful Commodus succession.

Septimius Severus 立軍人王朝,提高軍餉、Caracalla 公民權普及帝國全境,但濫鑄通膨種下危機根源。
Septimius Severus founded military dynasty. Caracalla extended citizenship empire-wide; debased coinage.

235-284 年 26 位皇帝多被刺殺,Sasanid 入侵、Goth 南下、瘟疫、通膨、Gallia/Palmyra 分裂帝國,幾近崩盤。
26 emperors mostly assassinated. Sasanid invasions, Goth raids, plague, hyperinflation, breakaway empires.

284 即位,建 Tetrarchy 四帝共治、行政分東西、軍政分離、新稅制,挽救帝國 150 年壽命。305 自願退位。
Founded Tetrarchy: 4 co-emperors East/West. Reformed administration, military, taxes. Voluntarily abdicated 305.

Constantine 戰前見「以此標誌取勝」異象,於十字標記下擊敗 Maxentius,全帝國踏上基督教化之路。
Constantine's "In hoc signo vinces" vision before defeating Maxentius. Empire began Christianization.

君士坦丁大帝頒布米蘭詔書,基督教在羅馬帝國合法化,為後來成為國教奠定基礎。
Emperor Constantine issues the Edict of Milan, legalizing Christianity in the Roman Empire — the foundation for it becoming the state religion.

皇帝 Valens 親征 Goth 戰死,東羅馬 2 萬主力全滅,學界視為西羅馬走向滅亡的軍事轉折點。
Emperor Valens died fighting Goths; 20k legionaries lost. Many historians mark this as Rome's military turning point.

禁所有非基督教祭祀,關閉神廟,Olympic Games 廢止,正式終結希臘羅馬古典宗教。
Banned all non-Christian sacrifices, closed temples, ended Olympic Games. Classical paganism over.
狄奧多西一世逝後,羅馬帝國永久分裂為東西兩部,西羅馬80年後滅亡,東羅馬(拜占庭)延續千年。
After Theodosius I dies, the Empire permanently splits; the Western Empire falls 80 years later; the Eastern Empire (Byzantium) survives for 1,000 years.

Alaric 率 Visigoth 圍城三日入羅馬,永恆之城首次被外族劫掠,St. Augustine 因此寫《天主之城》。
Alaric's Visigoths sacked Rome — first sack since 390 BC. Inspired Augustine's City of God.

Theodosius II 建三層城牆系統,6 km 長 12 m 高,抵禦 Avar、Bulgar、Arab、Rus、Crusader、Ottoman 圍攻。
Theodosius II built triple wall system, 6 km long, 12 m high. Withstood Avar, Bulgar, Arab, Rus, Crusader sieges.
匈奴王 Attila 入侵高盧,Catalaunian 平原戰役羅馬-Visigoth 聯軍勉強阻擋,次年入義大利逼羅馬納貢。
Attila the Hun invaded Gaul; checked at Catalaunian Plains. Invaded Italy 452, exacted tribute from Rome.

Vandal 王 Genseric 從迦太基出兵,14 日大劫,運走皇室寶物與 Hagia Sophia 七燭台,「Vandalism」一詞由此出。
Vandal king Genseric sailed from Carthage; 14-day pillage. Took imperial treasures. Origin of "vandalism".

西羅馬帝國在日耳曼蠻族的入侵下滅亡,標誌著古代史結束、中世紀開始。
The Western Roman Empire falls to Germanic tribes, marking the end of antiquity and the beginning of the Middle Ages.

日耳曼將 Odoacer 廢黜末帝 Romulus Augustulus,將王冠送回東羅馬,西羅馬正式終結,義大利進入日耳曼王國時代。
Germanic general Odoacer deposed last emperor Romulus Augustulus, sent crown back to East. Western Empire ended.