Lexington & Concord·全球聽見的槍聲 Battles of Lexington and Concord
1775/4/19 英軍往 Concord 搜繳民兵武器，在 Lexington 與 Concord 與民兵交火，獨立戰爭首戰。
On Apr 19, 1775, British troops clashed with colonial militia at Lexington and Concord—the opening shots of the Revolution.
美國獨立戰爭 American Revolution
一聲槍響在列克星頓,十三個殖民地決定脫離英國。八年戰火,華盛頓的軍隊從谷鍛營的絕望翻身到約克鎮的勝利。
A shot fired at Lexington echoed across thirteen colonies. Eight years of war, Washington's ragged army rising from Valley Forge's despair to Yorktown's surrender.
在互動時間軸上瀏覽 → Open in interactive timeline →
互動時間軸
Interactive Timeline
本 view 的 9 條軸線 · 滾輪縮放 · 拖曳平移 · 點事件查看詳情
9 axes · scroll to zoom · drag to pan · click events for detail
📌 內容與授權：本頁事件說明文字（中英）為 Cosmic History Timeline 編輯整理。
圖片來自 Wikimedia Commons，作者與授權詳見每張圖下方連結。
延伸閱讀的 Wikipedia 與 Amazon 連結著作權歸原權利人；Amazon 連結為聯盟連結（不影響你的價格）。
📌 Sources & Credits: Event descriptions (zh / en) are editorial work by Cosmic History Timeline.
Images are sourced from Wikimedia Commons — author and license shown below each image.
Wikipedia and Amazon links belong to their respective rights holders; Amazon links are affiliate links (no extra cost to you).
戰前序曲 · 9 條事件 Prelude · 9 events
第二次大陸會議 Second Continental Congress
1775/5/10 Lexington 之後，殖民地在費城再開會，設大陸軍、發行貨幣，實質成為戰時政府。
Reconvened in Philadelphia (May 10, 1775) after Lexington, it established the Continental Army and issued currency, acting as de facto government.
Bunker Hill 戰役 Battle of Bunker Hill
1775/6/17 波士頓外圍戰役，雖英軍勝但傷亡慘重，民兵證明能正面對抗英正規軍。
Near Boston on Jun 17, 1775, British forces took the hill but at heavy cost, proving militia could stand against regulars.
Washington 任大陸軍總司令 Washington Appointed Commander-in-Chief
1775/6/19 大陸會議任命維吉尼亞人 Washington 為大陸軍總司令，統一指揮權。
On Jun 19, 1775, the Continental Congress appointed Virginian George Washington as Commander-in-Chief.
美國獨立·英失 13 殖民地 American Independence
7 月 4 日 13 殖民地宣布獨立。經 8 年戰爭，1781 年 Yorktown 英軍投降，1783 年《巴黎條約》英國承認美國獨立。是「第一帝國」的崩潰，但帝國重心轉印度與澳洲。
On July 4, the 13 colonies declared independence. After 8 years of war, the British surrendered at Yorktown in 1781; the 1783 Treaty of Paris recognized American independence. The 'First Empire' collapsed, but imperial focus shifted to India and Australia.
Thomas Paine《Common Sense》 Thomas Paine's Common Sense
1776/1 Paine 匿名出版小冊子，以平民語言論證獨立之必要，3 個月售 12 萬份，塑造輿論。
Paine's anonymous pamphlet (Jan 1776) made the case for independence in plain language—120k copies sold in 3 months, shaping public opinion.
獨立宣言 Declaration of Independence
1776/7/4 大陸會議通過 Jefferson 起草的獨立宣言，宣告 13 殖民地脫離英國。
Adopted Jul 4, 1776, the Declaration (drafted by Jefferson) proclaimed the 13 colonies' independence from Britain.
Long Island 戰役·紐約陷落 Battle of Long Island
1776/8/27 Howe 率大軍登陸 Long Island 大敗 Washington，夜間撤退避免全軍覆沒；紐約被英占領達 7 年。
Howe's forces routed Washington on Long Island (Aug 27, 1776); a night withdrawal saved the army. British held NYC for 7 years.
Washington 渡 Delaware·Trenton 戰役 Washington Crosses Delaware · Battle of Trenton
1776/12/25 聖誕夜 Washington 率 2400 人跨冰封 Delaware 河，次日晨突襲 Trenton 黑森傭兵，提振士氣。
On Christmas night 1776, Washington led 2,400 men across the icy Delaware to surprise Hessians at Trenton, reviving morale.
開戰 · 3 條事件 Outbreak · 3 events
Saratoga 戰役·法國決意參戰 Battle of Saratoga
1777/10/17 Burgoyne 率 6000 英軍在 Saratoga 投降，法國隨後決定公開參戰援美，扭轉戰局。
Burgoyne's surrender of ~6,000 British troops at Saratoga (Oct 17, 1777) convinced France to openly join the war as US ally.
Valley Forge 過冬 Valley Forge Winter Encampment
1777-78 冬，大陸軍在 Valley Forge 苦熬，飢寒 2500 人死；Steuben 操練紀律，蛻變為正規軍。
The Continental Army endured winter 1777-78 at Valley Forge (~2,500 died of cold/hunger); Steuben's drills transformed them into a professional force.
法美同盟條約 Franco-American Alliance
1778/2/6 Franklin 在巴黎簽 Treaty of Alliance，法國正式參戰反英，戰爭成為全球衝突。
Franklin signed the Treaty of Alliance in Paris on Feb 6, 1778—France formally entered the war, making it a global conflict.
全面爆發 · 2 條事件 Escalation · 2 events
西班牙加入反英 Spain Enters War Against Britain
1779/6/21 西班牙對英宣戰，雖未正式承認美國，但夾擊直布羅陀、佛羅里達分散英軍兵力。
Spain declared war on Britain (Jun 21, 1779); though not a formal US ally, its sieges at Gibraltar and Florida stretched British forces thin.
Camden 敗戰 Battle of Camden
1780/8/16 英將 Cornwallis 在 Camden 大敗 Gates 指揮的美軍，南方戰線告急。
Cornwallis crushed Gates's Continental force at Camden (Aug 16, 1780)—a disaster for the Southern campaign.
終戰 · 3 條事件 Endgame · 3 events
Cowpens·Morgan 雙重包圍 Battle of Cowpens
1781/1/17 Daniel Morgan 以雙重包圍戰術殲滅 Tarleton 部，重創英軍南方機動力量。
Daniel Morgan used double envelopment at Cowpens (Jan 17, 1781) to destroy Tarleton's force, crippling British mobility in the South.
Guilford Courthouse·慘勝 Battle of Guilford Courthouse
1781/3/15 Cornwallis 雖在戰術上勝，但傷亡近 1/4，戰略失利；此後放棄 Carolinas 北上 Virginia。
Cornwallis won tactically at Guilford Courthouse (Mar 15, 1781) but lost a quarter of his force; he abandoned the Carolinas for Virginia.
Yorktown·Cornwallis 投降 Siege of Yorktown
1781/10/19 Washington + Rochambeau 聯軍合圍 Cornwallis，英軍 7000 人投降，實質終結戰事。
Combined Washington/Rochambeau forces besieged Cornwallis at Yorktown; ~7,000 British surrendered on Oct 19, 1781—effectively ending the war.