貴族落魄子弟、被海盜綁架時嫌贖金太低、40 歲組第一三巨頭、42-50 歲征服整個高盧、49 歲率第十三軍團跨魯比孔河說「骰子已擲」、「Veni vidi vici」、改革羅馬曆。56 歲被「Et tu, Brute?」23 刀刺死於元老院。羅馬共和 500 年隨他結束。
A patrician on the verge of ruin who once told his pirate captors their ransom was too low. At 40 he formed the First Triumvirate; from 42 to 50 he conquered all Gaul; at 49 he led the Thirteenth Legion across the Rubicon saying "the die is cast"; he sent home "Veni, vidi, vici" and reformed the calendar. At 56 he died of 23 knife wounds in the Senate, sighing "You too, child?" to Brutus. The 500-year Roman Republic ended with him.
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羅馬貴族家族出身。30 多歲負債從政、40 歲組第一三巨頭、42-50 歲征服高盧、49 歲跨魯比孔開內戰、終身獨裁官、56 歲在元老院遭 23 刀刺死。羅馬共和 500 年走到終點。
Born to a patrician family. Bankrupt and ambitious in his 30s; at 40 formed the First Triumvirate; from 42 to 50 conquered Gaul; at 49 crossed the Rubicon to start civil war; declared dictator for life; at 56 was stabbed 23 times in the Senate. The 500-year Roman Republic ended with him.
獨裁官 Sulla 屠平民派時，命少年凱撒休掉平民派 Cinna 之女 Cornelia。凱撒拒絕，遭剝奪財產與祭司職、被通緝。逃亡山林、染瘧疾。Sulla 後赦之但放話：「在這個少年身上，有許多個 Marius (平民派領袖)」——這個預言成真。
Dictator Sulla, purging the populares, ordered young Caesar to divorce his wife Cornelia, daughter of Sulla's enemy Cinna. Caesar refused. Stripped of inheritance and priesthood, he fled into hills with malaria. Sulla finally pardoned him with a warning: "In that boy I see many Mariuses" — referring to the populares' leader. The prophecy came true.
25 歲赴羅得島學習修辭時被 Cilician 海盜俘虜。海盜開價 20 talents，凱撒不滿地說太少，自報 50 talents。被囚 38 天間談笑風生、寫詩讀給海盜聽，並警告會回來把他們全處決。獲釋後立刻組艦隊追捕，全部活擒釘十字架。
At 25, sailing to Rhodes to study rhetoric, was captured by Cilician pirates. They demanded 20 talents of silver. Caesar laughed and said it was too low — raised it to 50 himself. During 38 days of captivity he composed poems and read them to the pirates, casually warning he would crucify them all. Released, he immediately raised a fleet, hunted them down, and crucified every one.
任市政官 (Aedile)。為打知名度，借錢辦 320 對劍鬥士的賽事 (前所未見的數量)，重建羅馬廣場、舉辦盛大公開遊戲。從此名聲大噪，但債務纍纍——出走西班牙當總督才得喘息。
Elected Aedile. To build his name, he borrowed massive sums to stage 320 pairs of gladiators (an unprecedented number), restored the Forum, and threw lavish public games. He became wildly popular but drowned in debt — only escaped to Spain as governor for relief.
競選大祭司長 (Pontifex Maximus，宗教界領袖、終身職)。豪賭一注，借光所有錢賄選。出門對母親說：「今天回家不是大祭司，就是流亡客。」結果壓倒性勝出。從此住在 Via Sacra 的官邸，宗教權力終身在握。
Ran for Pontifex Maximus — chief priest, lifetime office. Bet everything, borrowed every coin to bribe voters. Leaving home, he told his mother: "Today I return either as Pontifex Maximus, or not at all." He won by a landslide. From then he lived in the Via Sacra residence, holding religious power for life.
40 歲與羅馬最富有人 Crassus、最強將軍 Pompey 結成秘密政治聯盟。三人各取所需：凱撒得執政官與高盧總督職、Pompey 退伍兵獲土地、Crassus 向 Pompey 還清政治債務。羅馬元老院失去主導權。
At 40, formed a secret political alliance with the richest Roman, Crassus, and the greatest Roman general, Pompey. Each got what he needed: Caesar the consulship and a Gallic command, Pompey land for his veterans, Crassus political settlement with Pompey. The Senate lost control of Rome.
從擊敗 Helvetii 與 Suebi 開始，凱撒系統地征服整個高盧 (今法國、比利時、瑞士)。兩次渡過萊茵河震懾日耳曼人、兩次跨海登陸不列顛。寫《高盧戰記》宣傳功績、獲一輩子的政治聲望。
Starting with victories over the Helvetii and Suebi, Caesar systematically subdued all of Gaul (modern France, Belgium, Switzerland). Twice crossed the Rhine to intimidate Germans; twice landed in Britain. Wrote his own propaganda — the Gallic Wars — winning lifelong political fame.
8-9 月凱撒率羅馬軍隊兩次橫渡英吉利海峽登陸不列顛東南。雖未長駐，卻是不列顛首次出現於文字記載，《高盧戰記》留下民族誌描述。
In August-September, Caesar twice crossed the Channel to land in southeastern Britain. Though he didn't stay, the campaign brought Britain into recorded history through 'Commentaries on the Gallic War.'
Crassus 率 7 軍團 4 萬入侵帕提亞，遭 Surena 萬騎射穿與重騎兵殲滅，2 萬戰死、1 萬被俘、Crassus 被殺。羅馬東擴至此止步。
Crassus led 7 legions (40k) into Parthia. Surena's horse archers and cataphracts destroyed them: 20k dead, 10k captured.
前 58-前 50 年高盧戰爭,凱撒在阿萊西亞擊敗維欽托利領導的高盧聯軍,高盧完全納入羅馬版圖,之後 500 年高盧羅馬化。
During the Gallic Wars (58–50 BC), Caesar defeated Vercingetorix's coalition at Alesia. Gaul became Roman territory and was Romanized over the next 500 years.
高盧 Arverni 部族領袖 Vercingetorix 統一各部族對抗羅馬，退守 Alesia 山城。凱撒築兩道圍牆——內圍困城內 8 萬人、外擋援軍 25 萬。最後高盧聯軍崩潰，Vercingetorix 騎馬跪降。整個高盧屈服。
The Arverni chieftain Vercingetorix united the Gallic tribes against Rome, retreating to the hilltop fortress of Alesia. Caesar built two concentric siege walls — inner to trap 80,000 inside, outer to block the 250,000-strong relief army. The Gallic coalition collapsed; Vercingetorix rode down to surrender on horseback. All Gaul submitted.
元老院命凱撒解除兵權返羅馬受審。凱撒帶第十三軍團於 1 月 10 日跨越義大利北邊界魯比孔河 (率軍越界即叛國)，宣告：「Alea iacta est」(骰子已擲)。羅馬內戰爆發。
The Senate ordered Caesar to disband his army and stand trial in Rome. On January 10, he led the Thirteenth Legion across the Rubicon — Italy's northern boundary. To bring an army across was treason. He famously said: "Alea iacta est" — "The die is cast." Civil war began.
Pompey 逃到埃及尋庇護，少年法老 Ptolemy XIII 為討好凱撒，派人刺殺 Pompey 後割頭顱獻給凱撒。凱撒登岸見友人 (兼前女婿) 頭顱大哭、命厚葬。對 Ptolemy XIII 從此心存芥蒂——也讓他更傾向支持 Cleopatra。
Pompey fled to Egypt seeking refuge. The boy-pharaoh Ptolemy XIII, hoping to please Caesar, had Pompey assassinated and presented Caesar with his severed head. Caesar wept openly at the head of his old friend (and former son-in-law), ordered honorable burial. From then he distrusted Ptolemy XIII — and became sympathetic to Cleopatra.
在希臘 Pharsalus 平原與 Pompey 決戰。凱撒 2 萬 vs Pompey 5 萬。凱撒以第六線預備隊出奇兵反包抄 Pompey 騎兵、擊潰精銳。Pompey 親見大勢已去、棄軍逃跑、輾轉到埃及。
At Pharsalus in Greece, Caesar's 22,000 met Pompey's 50,000. Caesar held a sixth line in reserve, used it to envelope Pompey's elite cavalry from the side, and broke them. Watching disaster, Pompey abandoned his army and fled — eventually to Egypt.
在 Zela (今土耳其) 5 天內擊敗 Pharnaces II of Pontus 入侵小亞細亞。凱撒寫信給羅馬只用三個字：「Veni, vidi, vici (我來、我見、我征服)」。
At Zela (modern Turkey), Caesar crushed Pharnaces II of Pontus in five days. He wrote to Rome in just three words: "Veni, vidi, vici" — "I came, I saw, I conquered."
非洲 Thapsus 一役全殲共和派殘軍。雷鳴大雨中凱撒身染癲癇症仍親自指揮。共和派精神領袖 Cato 在 Utica 聞訊用劍自刎、傷未致死、夜半撕開傷口腸出而死——共和派最後的精神支柱倒下。
At Thapsus in North Africa, Caesar annihilated the last republican army. He commanded under thunder and torrential rain despite an epileptic fit. Cato the Younger, the moral pillar of the Republic, heard the news at Utica, fell on his sword — survived — then in the night tore the wound open with his hands until his bowels spilled out. The Republic's conscience died with him.
凱撒採埃及天文學家 Sosigenes 的太陽曆，廢羅馬舊月相曆。一年 365 日，每四年一閏。儒略曆使用了 1600 年，到 1582 才被格里高利曆取代。七月 (July) 即以凱撒命名。
Caesar adopted the solar calendar of the Egyptian astronomer Sosigenes, replacing Rome's broken lunar system. 365 days a year, leap year every fourth. The Julian calendar lasted 1,600 years until the Gregorian reform of 1582. The month July is named for him.
在西班牙 Munda 對戰 Pompey 之子 Gnaeus。八小時激戰，凱撒一度跳下馬罵自己軍隊「想讓我老死在這小子手上嗎？」最後翻盤勝。事後說：「我以前是為勝利而戰，這次是為性命而戰。」內戰結束。
At Munda in Spain, Caesar fought Pompey's son Gnaeus. Eight hours of grinding battle. At one point Caesar dismounted and shouted at his men: "Do you want to deliver me to this boy?" Then turned the battle. Afterward he said: "I have often fought for victory; today I fought for my life." The civil war was over.
凱撒遇刺三日後葬禮上，Mark Antony 公開朗讀凱撒的遺囑 (留 75 雪斯特爾蒂烏斯給每個羅馬公民、私人花園公開) 並展示血衣 23 個刀洞。羣眾激憤暴動，刺客 Brutus、Cassius 被迫逃出羅馬。莎士比亞《凱撒大帝》「Friends, Romans, countrymen」即由此演說發想。
Three days after the assassination, at Caesar's funeral, Mark Antony read out Caesar's will publicly — 75 sesterces to every Roman citizen, his private gardens given to the city — and showed the bloody toga with 23 stab wounds. The mob erupted; the assassins Brutus and Cassius had to flee Rome that very night. Shakespeare's "Friends, Romans, countrymen" speech is based on this event.
尤利烏斯·凱撒在羅馬元老院被刺殺，引發內戰，最終導致羅馬共和國終結。
Julius Caesar is assassinated in the Senate, triggering civil war and ultimately ending the Roman Republic.
被宣布為「終身獨裁官」一月後，3 月 15 日 (Ides of March) 進入元老院龐培劇場時，60 多名元老聯手刺殺。共中 23 刀。據傳臨終看見最信任的 Brutus 拔劍，以希臘語嘆：「Καὶ σύ, τέκνον? (你也嗎，孩子？)」。莎士比亞改寫為「Et tu, Brute?」。
A month after being declared "Dictator for Life," on March 15 (the Ides of March), as Caesar entered the Theater of Pompey, 60+ senators stabbed him 23 times. Tradition says when he saw his protégé Brutus draw a dagger, he sighed in Greek: "Kai sy, teknon?" — "You too, child?" Shakespeare immortalized it as "Et tu, Brute?"