私生子、14 歲入 Verrocchio 工坊、24 歲被告同性戀無罪、30 歲自薦給米蘭公爵時把繪畫排在第 10 項。米蘭 17 年解剖 30 屍體、設計撲翼機、畫《最後的晚餐》(實驗顏料即剝落)。法軍入米蘭流亡，餘生輾轉佛羅倫斯、羅馬、最後 François I 請他到 Amboise。帶蒙娜麗莎到法國繼續修改 16 年沒交給訂主。67 歲死於 Amboise，傳說在法王懷中。15000 頁筆記 400 年後才被學界重組。
Illegitimate son. Apprenticed to Verrocchio at 14, anonymously accused of sodomy at 24 (acquitted), at 30 wrote a self-recommendation to the Duke of Milan listing painting tenth. In Milan for 17 years he secretly dissected 30 cadavers, designed flying machines, painted the Last Supper (whose experimental medium began flaking immediately). Fled when the French took Milan; spent his remaining years between Florence, Rome, and finally Amboise at the invitation of François I. Carried the Mona Lisa with him to France, retouching it for 16 years without delivering it. Died at 67 at Amboise, reportedly in the king's arms. His 15,000 pages of notebooks scattered for 400 years before being reassembled by scholars.
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1305 Giotto 完成 Padua Scrovegni 禮拜堂壁畫，引入透視與人性化聖像；意大利文藝復興視覺革命起點。
In 1305, Giotto completed the Scrovegni Chapel frescoes in Padua, introducing perspective and humanized figures—launching the Italian Renaissance.
9 月銀行家 Cosimo de' Medici 流亡一年後凱旋返佛羅倫斯，從幕後操控政局 30 年。家族以銀行業致富，贊助 Donatello、Brunelleschi、Ghiberti，奠定佛羅倫斯文藝復興黃金期。
In September, banker Cosimo de' Medici triumphantly returned to Florence after a year's exile, ruling from behind the scenes for 30 years. The family's banking wealth patronized Donatello, Brunelleschi, and Ghiberti — founding the Florentine Renaissance.
4 月 15 日生於托斯卡尼 Vinci 村附近 Anchiano。父親 Ser Piero 是公證人，母親 Caterina 是農婦。父母未婚，不能繼承父姓，全名「Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci」(來自 Vinci 的、Piero 之子 Leonardo)。私生子身分意外讓他免於繼承父親的職業，可自由發展藝術。
Born April 15 near the town of Vinci in Tuscany, at Anchiano. Father Ser Piero was a notary; mother Caterina a peasant woman. Unmarried, he could not bear his father's surname — his full name "Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci" means "Leonardo, son of Piero, of Vinci." Illegitimacy ironically freed him from inheriting his father's profession to pursue art.
私生子、學徒、佛羅倫斯畫家、米蘭軍事工程師、人體解剖學家、飛行器設計者、流亡羅馬、終隱於法國 Amboise 城堡。15000 頁鏡像書寫筆記涵蓋繪畫、解剖、植物、水文、機械、建築、武器。完成的畫作不超過 20 幅，但《蒙娜麗莎》成為世界最著名作品。「文藝復興人」(Renaissance man) 一詞為他而生。
Illegitimate son, apprentice, Florentine painter, Milanese military engineer, anatomist, designer of flying machines, exile in Rome, ending his days at Amboise in France. 15,000 pages of mirror-written notebooks covering painting, anatomy, botany, hydraulics, mechanics, architecture, and weapons. Fewer than 20 finished paintings — but the Mona Lisa is the world's most famous artwork. The term "Renaissance man" was coined for him.
14 歲被送入佛羅倫斯名雕塑家畫家 Andrea del Verrocchio 工坊。Verrocchio 工坊也培養出 Botticelli、Perugino 等。達文西在此學雕塑、繪畫、金工、機械——受全方位文藝復興匠人訓練。
At 14 he was sent to Florence to apprentice with the sculptor-painter Andrea del Verrocchio. Verrocchio's workshop also trained Botticelli and Perugino. Leonardo learned sculpture, painting, metalwork, and mechanics — the full Renaissance craftsman's training.
Verrocchio 接 Uffizi《基督受洗》訂單，命弟子 Leonardo 畫左下角天使。Leonardo 用新發明的油畫技巧 (Verrocchio 用蛋彩) 畫得太好，據傳 Verrocchio 見後「再也不畫」——徒弟超越師父。
Verrocchio commissioned the Baptism of Christ; he assigned his pupil Leonardo to paint the angel in the lower left. Leonardo used the new oil paint technique (Verrocchio worked in tempera) so masterfully that, according to Vasari, Verrocchio swore "never to paint again" — the student had outclassed the master.
20 歲完成的早期油畫·現藏佛羅倫斯 Uffizi。天使加百列向聖母瑪利亞報喜。畫中天使翅膀以鳥類解剖學精準繪製、背景遠山運用空氣透視——已展現未來大師風格。
An early oil painting completed at age 20, now in the Uffizi in Florence. Gabriel announces to the Virgin Mary. The angel's wings are drawn with anatomical precision from bird studies; the distant mountains use the aerial perspective Leonardo would later perfect.
佛羅倫斯銀行家女兒 Ginevra de' Benci 17 歲訂婚肖像。背景刺柏 (ginepro) 雙關她的名字。1967 美國國家美術館以 500 萬美元自列支敦士登王室買下——今日仍是西半球唯一達文西真跡。
Portrait of 17-year-old Ginevra de' Benci, daughter of a Florentine banker, on her engagement. The juniper bush behind (ginepro) puns on her name. In 1967 the US National Gallery bought it from the Liechtenstein royal family for $5 million — still the only Leonardo in the Western Hemisphere.
4 月 9 日佛羅倫斯有人匿名投訴箱舉報達文西與三名男青年涉雞姦罪 (當時可處死)。經調查，因證據不足、且涉及一名梅迪奇家族青年，案件二度被駁回。事件後達文西更內向、終身未娶。
On April 9 an anonymous complaint accused 24-year-old Leonardo and three young men of sodomy (a capital offense). After investigation, for lack of evidence — and because a Medici relative was implicated — the case was dismissed twice. Leonardo became more reserved afterward; never married.
佛羅倫斯修道院委託、原計畫 30 個月完成。達文西用棕色底色起稿後便赴米蘭，從此未完成。但已完成的構圖革新——人物環形圍繞聖母、背景廢墟與戰馬象徵舊世界崩塌——影響後世構圖法 500 年。
Commissioned by the monks of San Donato, scheduled for 30 months. Leonardo laid down a brown underdrawing and then left for Milan — never finishing. Yet the revolutionary composition — figures swirling around the Virgin, ruins and rearing horses behind symbolizing a collapsing old world — influenced composition for 500 years.
30 歲 Leonardo da Vinci 從佛羅倫斯遷米蘭，服 Sforza 公爵 17 年。完成《最後的晚餐》(1495-98)、《岩間聖母》、解剖學筆記。1500 年返佛羅倫斯，1503 年起繪《蒙娜麗莎》，是文藝復興全才典範。
At 30, Leonardo da Vinci moved from Florence to Milan, serving Duke Sforza for 17 years. He produced 'The Last Supper' (1495-98), 'Virgin of the Rocks,' and anatomical notebooks. Returning to Florence in 1500, he began 'Mona Lisa' in 1503 — the universal Renaissance genius.
30 歲離佛羅倫斯赴米蘭。寫長信自薦給公爵 Lodovico Sforza，列 10 項才能：橋樑、攻城武器、火砲、海戰、坑道——最後第 10 項才提：「我也能畫畫雕塑」。米蘭時期 17 年是創作高峰。
At 30 he left Florence for Milan. He wrote a long letter of self-introduction to Duke Lodovico Sforza, listing 10 talents: bridges, siege engines, artillery, naval warfare, mining — only at the 10th line did he add: "Also, I can paint and sculpt." His 17 years in Milan were his most productive.
米蘭聖方濟會委託。聖母、聖嬰、施洗約翰、天使在岩洞中——三角構圖、背景奇幻地質、人物互動眼神交流，成為高文藝復興構圖標準。委託方拒收 (太「神秘」)，達文西重畫倫敦版。原版現藏羅浮宮。
Commissioned by the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception in Milan. The Virgin, infant Jesus, John the Baptist, and an angel in a rocky grotto — triangular composition, fantastical geology, and interlocking gazes set the standard for High Renaissance composition. The Confraternity rejected it as too "mystical"; Leonardo painted a second version (now in London). The original hangs in the Louvre.
為米蘭公爵 Sforza 設計圓錐烏龜形戰車：木架包鐵皮、360 度排炮、8 名士兵內部曲柄推進。原圖齒輪方向錯誤 (學界爭議：故意？怕被偷？) 實際無法前進。BBC 2010 年依修正圖造出可動原型。
Designed for Duke Sforza of Milan: a conical, turtle-shaped vehicle of wood plated with iron, with cannons facing in all directions and 8 soldiers inside cranking it forward. The original drawing has the gears reversed (a much-debated mystery: deliberate sabotage to prevent theft?) — the design as drawn could not actually move. The BBC built a working prototype in 2010 by reversing the gears.
設計三排 11 管共 33 管的旋轉砲，一排射擊時另兩排冷卻、再轉動換排——解決早期火砲發射緩慢與過熱問題。是後世 Gatling gun (1862) 與機關槍的概念先驅。從未實際製造。
Designed a rotating cannon with three banks of 11 barrels (33 total): one bank fires while the other two cool, then rotate. Solved the early cannon's slow rate of fire and overheating — the conceptual precursor of the Gatling gun (1862) and the machine gun. Never actually built.
畫米蘭公爵 Sforza 16 歲情人 Cecilia Gallerani 抱白貂 (ermine 為 Sforza 紋章)。她日後嫁伯爵生 4 子、開沙龍辦詩會，是米蘭文化界重量級人物。畫現藏波蘭克拉科夫，二戰被納粹掠走、戰後追回。
Portrait of Cecilia Gallerani, 16-year-old mistress of Duke Sforza of Milan, holding a white ermine (Sforza's heraldic symbol). She later married a count, bore four children, and ran an influential literary salon. The painting is in Kraków, Poland — looted by the Nazis in WWII and recovered after the war.
在米蘭、佛羅倫斯、羅馬醫院夜間秘密解剖 30 具屍體，包括老人、青年、孕婦、胎兒。畫出 240 張極精密解剖圖，包括子宮內胎兒、心臟瓣膜、血液循環。但筆記未發表——直到 1900 年代才被學界發現研究。如果當時公開，現代解剖學可能早 300 年。
In Milan, Florence, and Rome hospitals he secretly dissected 30 cadavers at night — old men, youths, pregnant women, fetuses. He drew 240 anatomical sheets of unmatched precision, including the womb with fetus, heart valves, and blood circulation. But the notebooks were never published — only rediscovered by scholars in the 1900s. Had they been public then, modern anatomy might have come 300 years earlier.
研究鳥類飛行多年。設計撲翼機 (ornithopter)、滑翔機、直升機原型 (空氣螺旋)、降落傘——皆基於空氣動力觀察。現代學者依他的圖紙重建降落傘與滑翔機證實可飛。但他從未實際造出可飛的機器。
He studied bird flight for years. Designed the ornithopter (flapping-wing machine), gliders, a helicopter prototype (the aerial screw), and a parachute — all based on aerodynamic observation. Modern scholars have reconstructed his parachute and glider from the drawings and confirmed they fly. But he never built one that flew himself.
依羅馬建築家 Vitruvius 的人體比例理論，畫出最著名的男性裸像——四肢同時擺出兩個姿勢，內接圓與正方形。圖下方為達文西鏡像書寫的筆記。代表文藝復興「人是萬物尺度」的核心信念。
Following the Roman architect Vitruvius's theory of human proportions, Leonardo drew the most famous male nude — four limbs in two simultaneous poses, inscribed in both a circle and a square. Below it, his notes in mirror script. The image embodies the Renaissance creed: man is the measure of all things.
9 月法王查理八世率 25000 軍越阿爾卑斯山入義大利。65 年義大利戰爭開始，西班牙、法國、神聖羅馬帝國爭奪義大利半島。文藝復興城邦的政治獨立期就此終結。
In September, French king Charles VIII led 25,000 troops across the Alps into Italy. The 65-year Italian Wars began as Spain, France, and the Holy Roman Empire battled for the peninsula. The political independence of Renaissance city-states ended.
米蘭時期肖像。眼神與蒙娜麗莎相似的鎖定觀眾。但畫中女子身分至今爭議——有說 Sforza 公爵另一情人 Lucrezia Crivelli、有說公爵夫人 Beatrice d'Este。現藏羅浮宮，是達文西第二有名的女子肖像。
Milan-period portrait. The sitter's gaze locks onto the viewer in the same way as the Mona Lisa. Her identity remains disputed — possibly another Sforza mistress, Lucrezia Crivelli, or possibly the duchess Beatrice d'Este. In the Louvre, it is Leonardo's second-most-famous female portrait.
米蘭聖方濟會拒收原版後，達文西耗 13 年重畫第二版。比巴黎版更「正統」——加聖嬰光圈、約翰持十字、明亮色調。長期掛聖方濟會教堂祭壇，現在倫敦國家美術館。學者爭議是否多由助手 Ambrogio de Predis 完成。
After the Confraternity rejected the original, Leonardo spent 13 years repainting a second version. More conventionally pious — added halos for the infants, a cross for John, brighter tones. Hung over the Confraternity altar for centuries; now in London's National Gallery. Scholars debate how much was painted by Leonardo himself versus his assistant Ambrogio de Predis.
設計三輪木車，由兩個巨大發條彈簧驅動、可前進約 40 公尺、能設定轉向角度——是世界第一個自走機械裝置。原圖一直被視為純概念，2004 年義大利專家依圖造出 1:3 比例可動模型，證實設計成立。被稱為「達文西的機器人車」、汽車與機器人雙重始祖。
A three-wheeled wooden cart driven by two giant clockwork springs, capable of traveling about 40 meters with a pre-settable steering angle — the world's first self-propelled mechanical vehicle. Long thought a pure concept; in 2004 Italian researchers built a working 1:3 scale model from the drawings, proving the design works. Called "Leonardo's robot car" — ancestor of both the automobile and the robot.
為米蘭 Sforza 宮廷宴會表演設計的全身鎧甲機器人——內含繩索滑輪系統，可坐起、站立、揮手、開合下顎。1957 年才從筆記中重新發現。NASA 機器人專家 Mark Rosheim 1996 年照圖造出可動原型——驗證了 500 年前的設計。
A full suit of armor designed as a court entertainment automaton for the Sforza of Milan — internally a system of ropes and pulleys allowing it to sit, stand, wave its arms, and open and close its jaw. Only rediscovered in the notebooks in 1957. NASA roboticist Mark Rosheim built a working prototype from the drawings in 1996 — vindicating the 500-year-old design.
米蘭 Santa Maria delle Grazie 修道院食堂壁畫。3 年完成。突破點：耶穌剛說「你們之中有人要出賣我」的瞬間，12 門徒各自反應。實驗用油彩取代壁畫顏料，幾年內就開始剝落——歷代修復十多次。
A wall painting in the refectory of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan. Three years to complete. The breakthrough: the moment after Jesus said "One of you will betray me" — each of the 12 apostles reacting. Leonardo experimented with oil instead of fresco — and the surface began flaking within a few years. Restored more than ten times since.
為米蘭 Naviglio 運河設計新式 V 形雙葉閘門 (mitre gate)：兩片門呈 V 形、水壓自動把門推緊。比舊式垂直閘門更密、開關更省力。Naviglio 運河至今部分仍在使用達文西的閘門設計。
Designed a new V-shaped double-leaf lock gate (mitre gate) for the Naviglio canals of Milan: two leaves meeting at an angle, with water pressure automatically pressing them tight. Far more watertight and easier to operate than the older vertical gate. Parts of the Naviglio still use Leonardo's design today.
法王 Louis XII 入米蘭，Sforza 公爵被俘解送法國。達文西流亡威尼斯、Mantua、再回佛羅倫斯。米蘭 17 年穩定創作期結束，從此餘生 20 年遊走多城，從未再有那麼多時間專注。
King Louis XII took Milan; Duke Sforza was captured and sent to France. Leonardo fled to Venice, then Mantua, then back to Florence. The 17-year period of stable Milanese creativity was over; he spent his remaining 20 years moving between cities, never again with so much time to focus.
設計鍵盤拉弦樂器：按鍵壓弦至連續轉動的弓馬尾上、產生持續弦音。可同時奏多音、模擬整個弦樂團。從未在達文西生前被造出。2013 年波蘭鋼琴家 Sławomir Zubrzycki 依筆記造出真正可彈的版本，公開首演震驚樂界。
Designed a keyboard instrument: pressing keys lowers strings onto a continuously rotating horsehair bow, producing sustained string tones — capable of polyphony like an entire string section. Never built in Leonardo's lifetime. In 2013 the Polish pianist Sławomir Zubrzycki built a working version from the notebooks; the public premiere astonished the music world.
威尼斯威脅米蘭時，達文西設計皮製潛水裝：全身皮裝、玻璃眼罩、蘆葦呼吸管至水面浮筒、手腳蹼套——用於潛入水下鑿沉敵艦。從未公開、自述「人性太邪惡，不該讓人有暗中殺人之術」而保密筆記。
When Venice threatened Milan, Leonardo designed a leather diving suit: full leather body, glass eyepieces, reed breathing tube up to a floating bladder, webbed gloves and flippers — for divers to swim underwater and scuttle enemy ships. He kept the design secret, writing: "Humanity is too evil. I will not publish methods of killing in stealth."
為法王秘書 Robertet 畫的小幅聖母聖子像。聖嬰把玩紡紗桿——預示十字架。原作下落不明、傳世至少 30 個版本。其中兩幅被認為達文西工坊產，2003 年蘇格蘭一幅被竊、2007 年追回。
A small Madonna and Child painted for the French royal secretary Robertet. The Christ child plays with a yarnwinder — foreshadowing the cross. The original is lost; at least 30 surviving versions exist. Two are accepted as workshop productions. The Scottish version was stolen in 2003 and recovered in 2007.
50 歲短暫加入 Cesare Borgia (教宗私生子、Machiavelli《君主論》原型) 麾下，任軍事工程師。繪製極精準的羅馬涅地形圖、設計堡壘、檢視城防。這段經歷讓他與 Machiavelli 結識——兩位佛羅倫斯天才的相遇。
At 50 he briefly joined Cesare Borgia — illegitimate son of the pope and the model for Machiavelli's Prince — as military engineer. He drew remarkably accurate maps of the Romagna, designed fortresses, and inspected defenses. The job introduced him to Machiavelli himself — two Florentine geniuses meeting.
鄂圖曼蘇丹 Bayezid II 徵橋樑設計連接金角灣兩岸。達文西提出 240m 單跨石橋——當時世界最大跨度。蘇丹擔心結構不穩拒絕。2001 年挪威依達文西原圖造出 110m 版用於雪溪上、運作完好——證明 500 年前設計可行。
Sultan Bayezid II of the Ottoman Empire requested designs for a bridge over the Golden Horn. Leonardo proposed a single-span stone bridge 240 meters long — would have been the world's longest at the time. The sultan judged it structurally unsafe and declined. In 2001 Norway built a 110-meter version from Leonardo's drawings as a footbridge over a stream — it works perfectly, vindicating the design after 500 years.
金字塔構圖極致——聖安妮、瑪利亞、聖嬰、羔羊四代依偎。達文西帶這幅與蒙娜麗莎、施洗約翰一同到法國。佛洛伊德 1910 年寫專書分析，指出聖安妮裙褶藏一隻禿鷲——對應達文西童年自述「禿鷲飛入搖籃以尾掃口」夢。
The pyramidal composition perfected — Saint Anne, the Virgin, the Christ Child, and a lamb across four generations. Leonardo brought this to France along with the Mona Lisa and Saint John. In 1910 Freud wrote an entire book analyzing it, claiming Anne's robe hides a vulture — corresponding to Leonardo's recorded childhood dream of a vulture flying into his cradle and brushing his lips with its tail.
接佛羅倫斯絲綢商 Francesco del Giocondo 委託，畫他妻子 Lisa Gherardini 肖像。技巧上首次完全使用「sfumato」(煙霧法) ——眼角嘴角無清晰邊界。這幅畫達文西帶身邊 16 年、四度修改、從未交給訂主。最後跟他到法國 Amboise，現在羅浮宮。
Commissioned by Florentine silk merchant Francesco del Giocondo to paint his wife Lisa Gherardini. Leonardo used sfumato — "smoky" gradation with no sharp edges around eyes and mouth — for the first time fully. He carried this painting with him for 16 years, retouched it four times, and never delivered it. It traveled with him to Amboise; today it hangs in the Louvre.
1503-1519 達文西繪《蒙娜麗莎》，展現 sfumato 暈染技巧與心理深度；今為世界最知名肖像畫。
Painted 1503-1519, Leonardo's Mona Lisa mastered sfumato and psychological depth—today the world's most famous portrait.
佛羅倫斯市政廳委託：達文西畫《Anghiari 戰役》、米開朗基羅同時畫《Cascina 戰役》於同一房間對牆。兩位文藝復興最高峰首度正面對決。但達文西實驗的蠟基底料融化、米開朗基羅被教宗召走畫西斯汀，雙雙未完成。
The Florentine Signoria commissioned Leonardo to paint The Battle of Anghiari and Michelangelo to paint The Battle of Cascina on opposite walls of the same hall. The two giants of the Renaissance, head to head. But Leonardo's experimental wax-based medium melted; Michelangelo was called away by the pope to do the Sistine Chapel — neither was finished.
宙斯化天鵝引誘斯巴達王后麗達、生 4 子 (含特洛伊海倫)。達文西畫站立全裸麗達抱天鵝，腳邊四嬰孵蛋。原作 17 世紀仍在法王收藏，後神秘失蹤——一說毀於某次水患、一說被宗教保守派故意銷毀。今僅存 5-6 個學徒摹本。
Zeus, taking the form of a swan, seduced Leda, queen of Sparta — bearing four children including Helen of Troy. Leonardo painted Leda standing nude, embracing the swan, with four infants hatching at her feet. The original was still in the French royal collection in the 17th century; then mysteriously disappeared — possibly destroyed in a flood, possibly destroyed by religious conservatives. Only 5-6 student copies survive.
與帕多瓦解剖學家 Marcantonio della Torre 合作，繪製 240 張前所未見的精密解剖圖：子宮內 4 個月胎兒 (世界第一張)、心臟瓣膜運作、肌肉牽拉骨骼模式、舌頭神經分布。della Torre 1511 年染瘟疫死、合作中斷。原稿散失 250 年，1900 年代才被學界整理。
With the Paduan anatomist Marcantonio della Torre, Leonardo drew 240 anatomical sheets of unmatched precision: a 4-month-old fetus in the womb (the world's first); heart valves in operation; muscle-bone leverage; nerve distribution in the tongue. Della Torre died of plague in 1511, ending the collaboration. The drawings were scattered for 250 years before scholars reassembled them in the 1900s.
61 歲入羅馬，受教宗 Leo X 弟弟 Giuliano de' Medici 庇護居梵蒂岡 Belvedere。但羅馬被米開朗基羅、Raphael 主導，達文西已老、被邊緣化。教廷禁止他繼續解剖。3 年無重大新作。
At 61 he moved to Rome under the patronage of Pope Leo X's brother Giuliano de' Medici, lodged in the Vatican Belvedere. But Rome was dominated by Michelangelo and Raphael — Leonardo, now old, was sidelined. The papacy forbade him further dissection. Three years passed with no major new work.
羅馬時期最後完成作品。約翰浮現於黑暗背景，蒙娜麗莎式微笑、手指向天。性別模糊、姿態誘惑——當時保守派批為「太肉感」、不合宗教。現在羅浮宮。是達文西帶到法國的三幅之一。
His last completed painting, done in Rome. John emerges from absolute darkness with a Mona Lisa smile, finger pointing to heaven. The androgynous figure and seductive pose drew conservative criticism as "too sensual" and unfit for a religious work. Now in the Louvre — one of the three he carried to France.
64 歲法王 François I (年僅 22) 仰慕至極，邀達文西入法。賜 Clos Lucé 莊園 (近 Amboise 王宮)、終身年俸 1000 écus、頭銜「國王首席畫家工程師建築師」。達文西騎驢翻越 Alps 帶三幅未完成畫到法國——蒙娜麗莎、施洗約翰、聖母與聖嬰與聖安妮。
At 64 the young King François I (just 22) — an immense admirer — invited Leonardo to France. He was given the Clos Lucé manor next to the royal château at Amboise, an annual pension of 1,000 écus, and the title "Premier Painter, Engineer and Architect to the King." Leonardo crossed the Alps by mule carrying three unfinished paintings — the Mona Lisa, Saint John the Baptist, and the Virgin and Child with Saint Anne.
在 Amboise 中風，右手癱瘓 (慶幸他天生左撇子)。仍持續用左手畫圖、寫筆記、改 Mona Lisa。最後 2 年主要整理筆記、為法王設計城堡花園與運河系統。
At Amboise he suffered a stroke that paralyzed his right hand (fortunately he was naturally left-handed). He continued drawing, writing notes, and retouching the Mona Lisa with his left. His final two years were spent organizing notebooks and designing châteaux gardens and canals for the king.
遺贈給弟子兼可能的伴侶 Francesco Melzi。Melzi 死後筆記散失：賣給西班牙國王、輾轉到倫敦、米蘭、巴黎。19-20 世紀學者重組為 Codex Atlanticus、Codex Arundel、Codex Leicester 等 12 部。Codex Leicester 1994 年 Bill Gates 以 3080 萬美元拍下，個人擁有。
Bequeathed to his pupil and possible companion Francesco Melzi. After Melzi's death the notebooks scattered: sold to the Spanish king, then to London, Milan, Paris. In the 19th and 20th centuries scholars reassembled them into 12 codices — the Codex Atlanticus, Codex Arundel, Codex Leicester, and others. Bill Gates bought the Codex Leicester in 1994 for $30.8 million; it remains in private hands.
5 月 2 日死於 Clos Lucé 莊園，67 歲。Vasari 浪漫描述：法王 François I 親自坐在床邊、達文西在他懷中嚥氣。實際法王當時可能不在 Amboise——但這幅畫面（Ingres 1818）成為文藝復興天才之死的標誌性形象。
Died May 2 at Clos Lucé, age 67. Vasari romantically described King François I sitting at his bedside, Leonardo dying in his arms. The king was probably not actually at Amboise that day — but the image (immortalized by Ingres in 1818) became the iconic tableau of the death of the Renaissance genius.
François I 死後，《蒙娜麗莎》留在法國王室。法國大革命後 1797 年入羅浮宮。1911 年 8 月 21 日被一個義大利清潔工 Vincenzo Peruggia 竊走 (藏外套底下)、藏 2 年，1913 年想賣回義大利時被捕。失竊事件讓蒙娜麗莎從「博物館一畫」變成全球家喻戶曉。
After François I's death, the Mona Lisa remained with the French royal family. After the French Revolution, in 1797 it entered the Louvre. On August 21, 1911 an Italian janitor named Vincenzo Peruggia stole it (under his coat) and hid it for two years. Caught in 1913 trying to sell it back to Italy. The theft turned the Mona Lisa from "a painting in a museum" into the global icon it is today.
2017 年 11 月 15 日，畫作《Salvator Mundi (救世主)》在紐約 Christie's 以 4.503 億美元拍出，買家是沙特阿拉伯王儲。是史上最貴拍賣品。但學界對是否為達文西真跡、是否他本人主導完成爭議激烈，目前下落不明。
On November 15, 2017, Salvator Mundi sold at Christie's New York for $450.3 million to the Saudi crown prince — the most expensive painting ever auctioned. Scholars hotly debate whether it is fully a Leonardo and how much was painted by his own hand. Its current location is unknown.