恐龍 Dinosaurs

三疊紀 Triassic Period

二疊紀大滅絕後生命復甦，恐龍與哺乳類同時演化出現，盤古大陸開始分裂。

Life recovers after Permian extinction; dinosaurs and mammals both evolve; Pangaea begins breaking apart.

中生代 Mesozoic Era

恐龍主宰大地的時代，包含三疊紀、侏羅紀、白堊紀，哺乳類與鳥類也在此期間演化出現。

The age of dinosaurs: Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods; mammals and birds also evolve.

二疊紀大滅絕·地球最嚴重物種浩劫 Permian-Triassic Extinction

約2.52億年前，96%的海洋物種和70%的陸地脊椎動物滅絕，可能由大規模火山噴發引發，是地球歷史上最嚴重的大滅絕。

96% of marine species and 70% of land vertebrates perished — the most severe mass extinction in Earth's history, likely triggered by massive volcanic eruptions.

恐龍起源 Origin of Dinosaurs

最早的恐龍出現在三疊紀晚期的南美洲（現阿根廷）。

Earliest dinosaurs appeared in Late Triassic South America (modern Argentina).

蜥臀目 Saurischia

包括獸腳類（暴龍、伶盜龍）和蜥腳類（腕龍、梁龍）。鳥類由此演化。

Includes theropods (T. Rex, Velociraptor) and sauropods (Brachiosaurus, Diplodocus). Birds evolved from this group.

始盜龍 Eoraptor

最早的恐龍之一，體長約 1 米，雜食性。發現於阿根廷。

One of the earliest dinosaurs. ~1m long, omnivorous. Discovered in Argentina.

黑瑞龍 Herrerasaurus

三疊紀早期掠食者，體長約 6 米。

Early Triassic predator, ~6m long.

第一批哺乳類 First Mammals

三疊紀晚期，最早的哺乳類從獸孔目爬蟲演化而來，體型微小，夜行性，恆溫。

Early mammals evolve from therapsid reptiles in the Late Triassic — tiny, nocturnal, warm-blooded.

板龍 Plateosaurus

早期大型草食恐龍，體長可達 10 米。歐洲常見。

Early large herbivore, up to 10m. Common in Europe.

腔骨龍 Coelophysis

三疊紀代表性小型肉食恐龍，群居行為化石豐富。

Iconic small Triassic predator. Rich fossil evidence of pack behavior.

侏羅紀 Jurassic Period

恐龍稱霸陸地，超巨型蜥腳類恐龍出現，始祖鳥演化，盤古大陸持續分裂，氣候溫暖濕潤。

Dinosaurs dominate land; giant sauropods appear; Archaeopteryx evolves; warm and humid climate.

第四次大滅絕（三疊紀末） 4th Mass Extinction (Triassic)

End-Triassic extinction ~201 Mya clears the way for dinosaurs to dominate.

鳥臀目 Ornithischia

包括劍龍、三角龍、甲龍、副龍櫛龍等。全部為草食性。

Includes Stegosaurus, Triceratops, Ankylosaurus, Parasaurolophus. All herbivorous.

恐龍稱霸陸地 Dinosaurs Dominate Land

三疊紀末大滅絕消滅了大部分競爭者，恐龍成為陸地霸主。

End-Triassic extinction eliminated most competitors. Dinosaurs became dominant land animals.

雙冠龍 Dilophosaurus

頭頂雙冠的早期侏羅紀肉食恐龍。

Early Jurassic predator with distinctive twin crests on its head.

冰脊龍 Cryolophosaurus

在南極洲發現的肉食恐龍，證明侏羅紀南極氣候溫暖。

Carnivore found in Antarctica, proving warm Jurassic polar climate.

盤古大陸分裂 Pangaea Breaks Apart

Pangaea begins rifting apart ~200 Mya, eventually forming today's continents and oceans.

蜀龍 Shunosaurus

發現於中國四川的蜥腳類恐龍，尾部有骨錘。

Sauropod discovered in Sichuan, China. Had a bony tail club.

翼龍繁盛期 Pterosaur Dominance

翼龍不是恐龍，但同為中生代空中霸主。翼展最大可達 12 米。

Pterosaurs were not dinosaurs but dominated Mesozoic skies. Wingspan up to 12m.

侏羅紀巨型化 Jurassic Gigantism

蜥腳類恐龍體型達到巔峰，梁龍、腕龍等巨型草食恐龍遍布各大洲。

Sauropods reached peak body size. Giant herbivores like Diplodocus and Brachiosaurus spread across continents.

異特龍 Allosaurus

侏羅紀頂級掠食者，體長可達 12 米。

Apex Jurassic predator, up to 12m long.

劍龍 Stegosaurus

背部有骨板、尾部有尖刺的草食恐龍。腦容量極小。

Herbivore with back plates and tail spikes. Famously tiny brain.

腕龍 Brachiosaurus

巨型蜥腳類，前腿比後腿長，頸部可達 9 米高。

Giant sauropod with longer forelimbs. Neck could reach 9m high.

梁龍 Diplodocus

體長可達 27 米的長頸恐龍，以尾巴甩擊防禦。

Up to 27m long. Used its whip-like tail for defense.

始祖鳥・鳥類起源 Archaeopteryx — First Birds

侏羅紀晚期的始祖鳥是恐龍與鳥類之間的過渡物種，現代鳥類是恐龍的直系後裔。

Archaeopteryx in the Late Jurassic is the transitional species between dinosaurs and birds; modern birds are direct dinosaur descendants.

鳥類從恐龍演化 Birds Evolve from Dinosaurs

始祖鳥等過渡物種顯示鳥類由獸腳類恐龍演化而來。

Transitional species like Archaeopteryx show birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs.

白堊紀 Cretaceous Period

開花植物大爆發，恐龍多樣性達到頂峰，以隕石撞擊引發的大滅絕事件結束。

Flowering plants explode in diversity; dinosaurs reach peak diversity; ends with asteroid impact extinction.

開花植物大爆發 Flowering Plants Diversify

被子植物在白堊紀爆發性演化，與昆蟲共同演化，形成地球上最繁盛的植物類群。

Angiosperms explode in diversity in the Cretaceous, co-evolving with insects to become Earth's dominant plant group.

被子植物改變恐龍生態 Angiosperms Transform Dinosaur Ecology

開花植物大爆發改變草食恐龍的食物來源和生態系統。

Flowering plant explosion changed food sources and ecosystems for herbivorous dinosaurs.

棘龍 Spinosaurus

已知最大的肉食恐龍，體長可達 18 米。背上有巨大帆狀突起，可能半水生。

Largest known carnivorous dinosaur, up to 18m. Had a large sail and was possibly semi-aquatic.

阿根廷龍 Argentinosaurus

已知最大的恐龍之一，體重估計 70-80 噸。

One of the largest known dinosaurs. Estimated weight 70-80 tonnes.

恐龍多樣性巔峰 Peak Dinosaur Diversity

白堊紀晚期恐龍種類最多，暴龍、三角龍、甲龍等同時存在。

Late Cretaceous saw maximum dinosaur diversity. T. Rex, Triceratops, Ankylosaurus coexisted.

副龍櫛龍 Parasaurolophus

頭頂有管狀冠飾的鴨嘴龍，可能用來發出低頻聲音。

Hadrosaur with tubular crest, possibly used for producing low-frequency sounds.

似鳥龍 Ornithomimus

外形像鴕鳥的恐龍，跑速可達 60 km/h。

Ostrich-like dinosaur. Could run up to 60 km/h.

伶盜龍 Velociraptor

小型聰明的肉食恐龍，實際體型只有火雞大小，有羽毛。

Small intelligent predator. Actually turkey-sized with feathers, unlike movie depictions.

鐮刀龍 Therizinosaurus

擁有 70 公分長巨爪的神秘恐龍，草食性。

Mysterious herbivore with 70cm-long claws.

滄龍 Mosasaurus

白堊紀海洋頂級掠食者，體長可達 17 米。不是恐龍，是海洋爬蟲類。

Top marine predator of the Cretaceous, up to 17m. Not a dinosaur but a marine reptile.

厚頭龍 Pachycephalosaurus

頭頂有厚達 25 公分的骨質圓頂，可能用於頭部撞擊。

Had a 25cm-thick dome of bone on its skull, possibly used for head-butting.

甲龍 Ankylosaurus

全身覆蓋骨甲的草食恐龍，尾部有骨錘可擊碎暴龍腿骨。

Armored herbivore. Tail club could shatter a T. Rex's leg bones.

三角龍 Triceratops

三根角 + 頸盾的草食恐龍，暴龍的主要獵物和勁敵。

Three-horned herbivore with neck frill. Primary prey and rival of T. Rex.

暴龍 Tyrannosaurus Rex

白堊紀末頂級掠食者，咬合力超過 5 萬牛頓。恐龍中最知名的物種。

Ultimate Cretaceous apex predator. Bite force over 50,000 N. The most famous dinosaur species.

風神翼龍 Quetzalcoatlus

已知最大的飛行動物，翼展可達 12 米。站立時高如長頸鹿。

Largest known flying animal. Wingspan up to 12m. Stood as tall as a giraffe.

古近紀 Paleogene Period

恐龍滅絕後哺乳動物迅速多樣化的時期

Period of rapid mammalian diversification after the dinosaur extinction.

恐龍滅絕·K-Pg事件 K-Pg Extinction (Dinosaurs Extinct)

直徑10公里小行星撞擊墨西哥猶加敦半島，非鳥類恐龍全部滅絕，哺乳類趁機崛起。

A 10km asteroid strikes the Yucatán Peninsula; non-avian dinosaurs extinct; mammals rise to dominance.

新生代（至今） Cenozoic Era (to present)

哺乳類與鳥類大輻射演化，草原擴張，靈長類出現，最終演化出人類，延續至今。

Mammals and birds diversify explosively; grasslands expand; primates evolve; culminates in humans.

恐龍滅絕・白堊紀末 Dinosaur Extinction — End Cretaceous

小行星撞擊尤卡坦半島，非鳥恐龍全部滅絕。只有鳥類存活至今。

Asteroid struck Yucatán. All non-avian dinosaurs went extinct. Only birds survived to present day.

希克蘇魯伯小行星撞擊 Chicxulub Asteroid Impact

10 公里小行星撞擊墨西哥灣，導致恐龍滅絕與白堊紀結束

A 10km asteroid strikes the Gulf of Mexico, causing the dinosaur extinction and ending the Cretaceous.