絲綢・養蠶技術 Silk — Sericulture Begins
中國人發明養蠶繅絲技術，絲綢成為中國最重要的出口商品，也是絲路命名的由來。
Chinese invent silk cultivation; silk becomes China's most important export and gives the Silk Road its name.
相關主軸：Related axes:科學技術Science & Tech中國科技Chinese Science & Tech
中國歷史 Chinese History
黃帝到現代,5000年的朝代興衰、戰亂分裂、思想革命。每一次文明的躍進,都留下了刀鋒與墨跡。
From the Yellow Emperor to today. Five millennia of dynasties, wars, philosophies — each epoch carved into bronze, bone, and paper before it burned.
在互動時間軸上瀏覽 → Open in interactive timeline →
互動時間軸
Interactive Timeline
本 view 的 12 條軸線 · 滾輪縮放 · 拖曳平移 · 點事件查看詳情
12 axes · scroll to zoom · drag to pan · click events for detail
📌 內容與授權：本頁事件說明文字（中英）為 Cosmic History Timeline 編輯整理。
圖片來自 Wikimedia Commons，作者與授權詳見每張圖下方連結。
延伸閱讀的 Wikipedia 與 Amazon 連結著作權歸原權利人；Amazon 連結為聯盟連結（不影響你的價格）。
📌 Sources & Credits: Event descriptions (zh / en) are editorial work by Cosmic History Timeline.
Images are sourced from Wikimedia Commons — author and license shown below each image.
Wikipedia and Amazon links belong to their respective rights holders; Amazon links are affiliate links (no extra cost to you).
古代 · 66 條事件 Ancient · 66 events
龍山文化 Longshan Culture
黃河流域晚期新石器時代文化，已有城邑、玉器、黑陶，出現早期社會分層，是夏朝的直接前身。
Late Neolithic culture of the Yellow River valley; walled towns, jade artifacts, and black pottery appear; direct precursor to the Xia Dynasty.
黃帝・中華文明起源 Yellow Emperor — Origin of Chinese Civilization
黃帝被視為中華民族的始祖，傳說創制文字、曆法、音樂、醫學，黃帝紀元是中國五千年文明的起點。
The Yellow Emperor is regarded as the ancestor of the Chinese people; legend credits him with creating writing, the calendar, music, and medicine — the start of 5,000 years of Chinese civilization.
相關主軸：Related axes:中國帝王Chinese Emperor
夏朝 Xia Dynasty
中國第一個朝代，大禹建立，奠定中華文明基礎。
China's first dynasty, founded by Yu the Great.
相關主軸：Related axes:中國帝王Chinese Emperor
商朝 Shang Dynasty
商朝創立甲骨文，青銅器文化達到頂峰，是有文字記載的最早朝代。
The Shang Dynasty saw the creation of oracle bone script and the peak of Bronze Age culture.
相關主軸：Related axes:中國帝王Chinese Emperor
商湯滅夏 Tang of Shang Overthrows Xia
商湯推翻夏桀，建立商朝。
Tang overthrew the last Xia king and founded the Shang dynasty.
商代青銅器文化 Shang Dynasty Bronze Culture
商代發展出高度精緻的青銅鑄造技術，青銅器用於祭祀、禮儀和戰爭，司母戊鼎是迄今出土最重的青銅器，代表中國古代文明的巔峰。
The Shang Dynasty developed highly refined bronze casting for ritual, ceremonial and military use. The Simuwu Ding is the heaviest bronze artifact ever unearthed, representing the peak of ancient Chinese civilization.
相關主軸：Related axes:科學技術Science & Tech
甲骨文 Oracle Bone Script
商朝刻在龜甲獸骨上的文字，中國最早的成熟文字系統。
Earliest known mature Chinese writing, carved on oracle bones during the Shang dynasty.
西周 Western Zhou
周武王滅商，建立封建制度，禮樂文明大盛。
Zhou Wuwang overthrew the Shang and established the feudal system.
牧野之戰 Battle of Muye
周武王伐紂，滅商建周。
King Wu of Zhou defeated Shang at Muye, establishing the Zhou dynasty.
周武王伐紂 King Wu of Zhou
周武王姬發在牧野之戰滅商，建立周朝。
King Wu defeated Shang at Muye and established the Zhou dynasty.
《周易》成書 Zhou Yi (Book of Changes Core Text)
西周初年成書，以六十四卦及卦爻辭為主體，原為占卜用書，後成為中國最古老的哲學經典之一。
Compiled in the early Western Zhou, consisting of 64 hexagrams and their oracle texts. Originally a divination manual, it became one of China's oldest philosophical classics.
相關主軸：Related axes:中國文學Chinese Literature
《詩經》 Classic of Poetry (Shijing)
中國最早的詩歌總集，收錄西周至春秋時期 305 首詩。
China's earliest poetry anthology, containing 305 poems from the Western Zhou to Spring and Autumn periods.
中國春秋戰國鐵器普及 Iron Age in China — Spring and Autumn Period
春秋時代鐵器逐漸普及，到戰國時期鐵農具和鐵兵器已廣泛使用，農業生產力大幅提升，支撐了諸侯國的兼併戰爭和人口增長，最終促成秦統一。
Iron tools spread gradually in the Spring and Autumn Period and became widespread in the Warring States era, dramatically boosting agricultural productivity and fueling the wars that led to Qin unification.
相關主軸：Related axes:科學技術Science & Tech中國科技Chinese Science & Tech
春秋時期 Spring & Autumn Period
周室衰微，諸侯爭霸，孔子、老子等百家思想興起。
Decline of Zhou; rise of competing states and the Hundred Schools of Thought.
東周列國 Eastern Zhou States
周室東遷後諸侯林立，春秋五霸、戰國七雄先後稱霸。
After Zhou moved east, rival states dominated: Five Hegemons in Spring & Autumn, Seven Kingdoms in Warring States.
孔子誕生 Confucius Born
孔子創立儒家學說，深刻影響中國及東亞文明兩千年。
Confucius founds Confucianism, shaping East Asian civilization for 2,500 years.
相關主軸：Related axes:中國文學Chinese Literature孔子Confucius
老子・道德經 Laozi — Tao Te Ching
老子著《道德經》，創立道家思想，「道」的哲學影響中國文化兩千年，後來演變為道教信仰。
Laozi writes the Tao Te Ching, founding Taoist philosophy; the concept of the Tao shapes Chinese culture for 2,000 years, later evolving into religious Taoism.
孫子《兵法》 Sun Tzu — The Art of War
世界最早的軍事著作，影響東西方軍事思想。
The world's earliest military treatise, influencing military thought globally.
相關主軸：Related axes:中國戰爭Chinese War
《論語》編纂 Analerta of Confucius Compiled
孔子弟子編纂，儒家核心經典。
Compiled by Confucius' disciples. The core text of Confucianism.
相關主軸：Related axes:孔子Confucius
戰國時期 Warring States
七雄並立，諸子百家爭鳴，兵家、法家、縱橫家興盛。
Seven major states vie for dominance; military strategy and philosophy flourish.
老子《道德經》 Laozi — Tao Te Ching
道家哲學核心經典，影響中國思想兩千年。
Core text of Daoist philosophy, influencing Chinese thought for two millennia.
相關主軸：Related axes:道教Taoism
莊子・逍遙遊 Zhuangzi
莊子發展道家哲學，強調自然無為與精神自由
Zhuangzi develops Taoist philosophy, emphasizing naturalness and spiritual freedom.
屈原《楚辭》 Qu Yuan — Chu Ci
屈原創作《離騷》等浪漫主義詩篇。
Qu Yuan wrote Li Sao and other romantic poems, founding the Chu Ci literary tradition.
黃帝內經 Huangdi Neijing — Classic of Medicine
中醫學的理論基礎，以陰陽五行解釋人體與疾病，至今仍是中醫教育的核心典籍。
The theoretical foundation of Chinese medicine; explains the body and disease through yin-yang and five elements — still a core text in TCM education.
相關主軸：Related axes:科學技術Science & Tech
《易傳》（十翼）完成 Yi Zhuan (Ten Wings) Completed
戰國末期至漢初儒家對《周易》的哲學解釋合集，包含〈彖〉〈象〉〈繫辭〉等七種十篇，使易經從占卜書升格為哲學經典。傳統歸於孔子，現代學界認為是戰國諸儒所作。
A Confucian philosophical commentary on the Zhou Yi compiled in the late Warring States to early Han period. The Ten Wings transformed the I Ching from a divination manual into a major philosophical classic. Traditionally attributed to Confucius, but modern scholars consider it the work of Warring States Confucian scholars.
相關主軸：Related axes:中國文學Chinese Literature
長平之戰 Battle of Changping
秦趙之戰，秦將白起坑殺趙軍 40 萬。
Qin general Bai Qi defeated Zhao and reportedly buried 400,000 soldiers alive.
相關主軸：Related axes:中國戰爭Chinese War
都江堰 Dujiangyan Irrigation System
李冰父子在四川建造的水利工程，無壩引水，造就天府之國，至今仍在運作，是世界最古老的水利工程之一。
Built by Li Bing in Sichuan; a damless irrigation system still in use today — one of the world's oldest and most sustainable water projects.
相關主軸：Related axes:科學技術Science & Tech中國科技Chinese Science & Tech
秦朝統一 Qin Unification
秦始皇統一六國，建立中央集權制度，統一文字度量衡，修建長城。
Qin Shi Huang unifies China, standardizes writing, weights, and builds the Great Wall.
相關主軸：Related axes:中國帝王Chinese Emperor秦始皇Qin Shi Huang
秦始皇統一六國 Qin Shi Huang Unifies China
嬴政統一六國，建立中國第一個中央集權帝國，統一度量衡、文字。
Ying Zheng unified six states, founded the first centralized empire, standardized weights, measures, and writing.
相關主軸：Related axes:東方East中國帝王Chinese Emperor秦始皇·統一Qin Shi Huang · Unification
秦二世胡亥 Qin Er Shi
秦始皇死後，胡亥即位，暴政導致農民起義。
After Qin Shi Huang's death, Hu Hai's tyranny led to peasant uprisings.
相關主軸：Related axes:秦始皇Qin Shi Huang
楚漢相爭 Chu-Han Contention
項羽與劉邦爭天下，劉邦最終建立漢朝。
Xiang Yu and Liu Bang fought for supremacy. Liu Bang won and founded the Han dynasty.
漢朝 Han Dynasty
漢朝奠定中華民族主體，絲路開通，儒學立為國教，造紙術成熟。
The Han Dynasty shapes Chinese national identity, opens the Silk Road, and adopts Confucianism as state doctrine.
相關主軸：Related axes:中國帝王Chinese Emperor
漢高祖劉邦 Emperor Gaozu of Han
平民出身，推翻秦朝，建立漢朝。
A commoner who overthrew the Qin and founded the Han dynasty.
漢代冶鐵技術 Han Dynasty Iron & Steel
漢代發展出高爐煉鐵技術，大規模生產鐵農具與武器，領先歐洲約千年，支撐帝國的農業與軍事擴張。
Han Dynasty develops blast furnace iron production on a large scale — about 1,000 years ahead of Europe — supporting imperial agriculture and military expansion.
相關主軸：Related axes:科學技術Science & Tech
漢武帝即位 Emperor Wu of Han
開拓絲路、獨尊儒術、擊敗匈奴。漢朝全盛時期。
Opened Silk Road, promoted Confucianism, defeated Xiongnu. Peak of Han dynasty.
相關主軸：Related axes:貿易Trade中國帝王Chinese Emperor
絲路開通 Silk Road Established
漢武帝派張騫出使西域，開拓絲綢之路，連接東西方，促進商業、文化與思想的交流。
Emperor Wu of Han sends Zhang Qian westward, opening the Silk Road connecting East and West, enabling trade in silk, spices, and ideas.
《九章算術》 Nine Chapters on Mathematics
中國最重要的古代數學著作，包含聯立方程、負數、分數運算，系統地解決農業與工程問題。
China's most important ancient math text; covers simultaneous equations, negative numbers, and fractions — systematically solving agricultural and engineering problems.
相關主軸：Related axes:科學技術Science & Tech
大乘佛教興起 Mahayana Buddhism Emerges
大乘佛教從部派佛教中發展出來，強調菩薩道
Mahayana Buddhism develops from earlier schools, emphasizing the Bodhisattva path.
司馬遷《史記》 Sima Qian — Records of the Grand Historian
中國第一部紀傳體通史，被譽為「史家之絕唱」。
China's first comprehensive biographical history, praised as the supreme work of historiography.
相關主軸：Related axes:中國文學Chinese Literature
王莽篡漢・新朝 Wang Mang Usurps Han — Xin Dynasty
王莽篡奪西漢政權，建立短命的新朝（9-23年）。
Wang Mang usurped the Western Han throne and established the short-lived Xin dynasty (9-23 CE).
東漢 Eastern Han Dynasty
劉秀復漢，定都洛陽。
Liu Xiu restored the Han dynasty with the capital at Luoyang.
佛教傳入中國 Buddhism Enters China
東漢明帝時期，白馬寺建立，佛教正式傳入中國，與儒道融合後發展出具有中國特色的禪宗等流派。
During the Eastern Han, the White Horse Temple is built; Buddhism officially enters China, later merging with Confucianism and Taoism to produce distinctly Chinese schools like Chan (Zen).
造紙術・蔡倫 Papermaking — Cai Lun
蔡倫改良造紙技術，以樹皮、麻料等製成廉價紙張，知識傳播的革命性突破，是中國四大發明之一。
Cai Lun improves papermaking using bark and hemp; cheap paper revolutionizes knowledge transmission — one of China's Four Great Inventions.
相關主軸：Related axes:科學技術Science & Tech中國科技Chinese Science & Tech
張衡渾天儀 Zhang Heng's Armillary Sphere
張衡製作水力驅動的渾天儀，精確測量天體位置，推算太陽月球運行，對中國天文學貢獻卓著。
Zhang Heng builds a water-powered armillary sphere to precisely measure celestial positions and predict the movements of the sun and moon.
相關主軸：Related axes:科學技術Science & Tech
張衡地動儀 Zhang Heng's Seismoscope
張衡發明世界第一台地震儀，以銅球落入蟾蜍口中指示地震方向，比歐洲同類裝置早1700年。
Zhang Heng invents the world's first seismoscope; a bronze ball drops into a toad's mouth to indicate earthquake direction — 1,700 years before European equivalents.
相關主軸：Related axes:科學技術Science & Tech
道教正式創立 Religious Taoism Founded
張道陵創立天師道，道教從哲學思想正式發展為有組織的宗教，設立科儀、經典與教派制度。
Zhang Daoling founds the Way of the Celestial Masters; Taoism formally develops from philosophy into an organized religion with rituals and canon.
黃巾之亂 Yellow Turban Rebellion
張角領導的農民起義，東漢末年動亂之始。
Peasant revolt led by Zhang Jue, beginning the end of the Eastern Han.
華佗・外科手術 Hua Tuo — Surgery with Anesthesia
東漢神醫華佗使用麻沸散（全身麻醉藥）進行外科手術，是世界最早有記錄的外科麻醉應用。
Han physician Hua Tuo uses mafeisan (general anesthetic) for surgery — the world's earliest recorded use of surgical anesthesia.
相關主軸：Related axes:科學技術Science & Tech
算盤 Abacus
中國發明的計算工具，使用至今。
Chinese-invented calculation tool, still used today.
赤壁之戰 Battle of Red Cliffs
孫劉聯軍大敗曹操，三國鼎立格局確立。
Sun-Liu alliance defeated Cao Cao, solidifying the Three Kingdoms division.
相關主軸：Related axes:中國戰爭Chinese War
三國時期 Three Kingdoms
魏蜀吳三國鼎立，諸葛亮、曹操等人物成為千古傳奇。
Wei, Shu, and Wu compete for dominance; legendary figures like Zhuge Liang and Cao Cao.
相關主軸：Related axes:中國戰爭Chinese War
曹丕稱帝・曹魏建立 Cao Pi Founds Wei Dynasty
曹操之子曹丕篡漢，三國鼎立開始。
Cao Pi usurped the Han throne, beginning the Three Kingdoms period.
劉徽割圓術 Liu Hui's Method for Pi
劉徽以割圓術計算圓周率，得π≈3.14159，方法上已含無窮小的極限概念，是數學史上的重要成就。
Liu Hui calculates π≈3.14159 using an iterative polygon method — embedding the concept of limits, a major achievement in mathematical history.
相關主軸：Related axes:科學技術Science & Tech
晉朝 Jin Dynasty
晉武帝短暫統一，後分裂為五胡十六國，北方動盪。
Brief reunification under Jin Wudi, followed by fragmentation and the Sixteen Kingdoms in the north.
五胡十六國 Sixteen Kingdoms
北方五個少數民族建立十六個政權，與東晉南北對峙。
Five northern ethnic groups establish sixteen states; coexist with Eastern Jin in the south.
相關主軸：Related axes:中國戰爭Chinese War
茅山宗形成 Maoshan School Founded
上清派（茅山宗）形成，融合冥想與經典傳統
Shangqing (Maoshan) school of Taoism emerges, integrating meditation and scripture.
淝水之戰 Battle of Fei River
東晉以少勝多擊敗前秦，南北對峙格局延續。
Eastern Jin defeated Former Qin despite being outnumbered, preserving the North-South divide.
陶淵明《桃花源記》 Tao Yuanming — Peach Blossom Spring
描繪世外桃源，開創田園文學。
Depicted an idyllic utopia, pioneering pastoral literature.
南北朝 Northern & Southern Dynasties
南北對峙，佛教大興，北魏孝文帝漢化改革。
North-south division; Buddhism flourishes; Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei promotes Sinicization.
相關主軸：Related axes:中國戰爭Chinese War
祖沖之圓周率 Zu Chongzhi — Pi to 7 Decimal Places
祖沖之計算圓周率精確到小數點後7位（3.1415926），此記錄保持了約千年，至今仍是數學史的重要成就。
Zu Chongzhi calculates π to 7 decimal places (3.1415926) — a world record held for ~1,000 years and a landmark in mathematical history.
相關主軸：Related axes:科學技術Science & Tech
禪宗興起 Chan (Zen) Buddhism
菩提達摩傳入禪宗，強調頓悟與冥想，後來傳入日本成為禪宗，深刻影響東亞藝術、武術與哲學。
Bodhidharma brings Chan Buddhism; emphasis on meditation and sudden enlightenment; spreads to Japan as Zen, profoundly influencing East Asian art and philosophy.
佛教傳入日本 Buddhism Enters Japan
百濟國王向日本天皇贈送佛像與經典
King of Baekje sends Buddhist images and sutras to the Japanese emperor.
隋朝 Sui Dynasty
隋文帝再次統一中國，開鑿大運河，科舉制度奠基。
Reunification of China; Grand Canal constructed; imperial examination system established.
隋文帝統一南北 Emperor Wen of Sui Reunifies China
楊堅結束南北朝分裂，建立隋朝，推行均田制和科舉制。
Yang Jian ended the North-South division, established the Sui dynasty and imperial examination system.
李世民出生 Li Shimin Born
唐太宗李世民，唐朝第二任皇帝。
Li Shimin, the second emperor of Tang, born.
中世紀 · 35 條事件 Medieval · 35 events
瓷器技術成熟 Mature Porcelain Technology
中國瓷器技術成熟，「China」之名即源於此。
Chinese porcelain technology matured. The word 'China' derives from this craft.
大運河開鑿 Grand Canal Constructed
隋煬帝開鑿全長2700公里的大運河，連接南北方，促進糧食與商品流通，是世界最長的人工河道。
Emperor Yang of Sui builds the 2,700km Grand Canal connecting north and south China — the world's longest artificial waterway, facilitating grain and trade.
相關主軸：Related axes:科學技術Science & Tech中國科技Chinese Science & Tech
唐朝 Tang Dynasty
唐朝是中國歷史黃金時代，長安為當時世界最大城市，詩詞藝術達到頂峰。
Tang Dynasty is China's golden age; Chang'an is the world's largest city; poetry and arts flourish.
相關主軸：Related axes:中國帝王Chinese Emperor
唐太宗即位・貞觀之治 Emperor Taizong — Zhenguan Reign
李世民開創貞觀之治，唐朝進入全盛。
Li Shimin ushered in the Zhenguan golden age of the Tang dynasty.
相關主軸：Related axes:東方East中國帝王Chinese Emperor
佛教傳入西藏 Buddhism Enters Tibet
松贊干布引入佛教，開啟藏傳佛教歷史
Songtsen Gampo introduces Buddhism to Tibet, beginning Tibetan Buddhist tradition.
武則天稱帝 Wu Zetian — China's Only Empress
中國歷史上唯一的女皇帝。改國號「周」。
The only female emperor in Chinese history. Changed dynasty name to Zhou.
唐詩黃金時代 Golden Age of Tang Poetry
李白、杜甫、白居易等詩人輩出，唐詩達到巔峰。
Li Bai, Du Fu, Bai Juyi and other great poets flourished. Peak of Chinese poetry.
僧一行大地測量 Yi Xing — Meridian Survey
唐代高僧僧一行主持世界首次大規模大地測量，計算出地球子午線弧度，是科學史的重要里程碑。
Tang monk Yi Xing leads the world's first large-scale geodetic survey, measuring the arc of a meridian — a landmark in scientific history.
相關主軸：Related axes:科學技術Science & Tech
安史之亂 An Lushan Rebellion
安祿山叛亂，唐朝由盛轉衰的轉折點。
An Lushan's rebellion marked the turning point of Tang dynasty from prosperity to decline.
火藥發明 Gunpowder Invented
唐代道士煉丹時意外發現火藥，後來廣泛應用於軍事，傳入歐洲後改變了中世紀的戰爭型態。
Tang Dynasty Taoist alchemists accidentally discover gunpowder; it later transforms warfare and, reaching Europe, changes medieval combat forever.
相關主軸：Related axes:科學技術Science & Tech中國科技Chinese Science & Tech
雕版印刷《金剛經》 Woodblock Printing — Diamond Sutra
世界現存最早的有日期標記的印刷書籍。
The world's oldest dated printed book.
相關主軸：Related axes:佛教Buddhism
五代十國 Five Dynasties & Ten Kingdoms
唐朝滅亡後北方五朝更迭，南方十國並立，動盪分裂。
After the Tang, five dynasties succeed in the north while ten kingdoms coexist in the south.
相關主軸：Related axes:中國戰爭Chinese War
宋太祖趙匡胤 Emperor Taizu of Song
陳橋兵變，黃袍加身，建立宋朝。
Zhao Kuangyin seized power and founded the Song dynasty.
宋朝 Song Dynasty
宋朝活字印刷、火藥、指南針廣泛應用，商業繁榮，是科技黃金時代。
Song Dynasty sees widespread use of movable type, gunpowder, and compass; commercial and technological golden age.
相關主軸：Related axes:中國帝王Chinese Emperor
人痘接種術 Variolation — Early Vaccination
宋代中國人發明人痘接種預防天花，是現代疫苗接種的前身，17世紀傳入歐洲後推動了天花疫苗的研發。
Song Dynasty Chinese develop variolation against smallpox — the predecessor of modern vaccination; introduced to Europe in the 17th century, inspiring Jenner's vaccine.
相關主軸：Related axes:科學技術Science & Tech
宋詞 Song Dynasty Ci Poetry
蘇軾、李清照、辛棄疾等人將詞推向頂峰。
Su Shi, Li Qingzhao, Xin Qiji elevated Ci poetry to its zenith.
畢昇活字印刷 Bi Sheng — Movable Type Printing
畢昇發明陶瓷活字印刷術，比古騰堡的活字印刷機早400年，是知識傳播史上的重大技術革命。
Bi Sheng invents ceramic movable type — 400 years before Gutenberg — a major technological revolution in the history of knowledge dissemination.
相關主軸：Related axes:科學技術Science & Tech中國科技Chinese Science & Tech
指南針航海應用 Compass for Navigation
中國人將指南針從堪輿術應用於航海導航，此技術傳入歐洲後直接促進大航海時代的到來。
Chinese apply the compass from feng shui to maritime navigation; this technology reaches Europe and directly enables the Age of Exploration.
相關主軸：Related axes:科學技術Science & Tech中國科技Chinese Science & Tech
司馬光《資治通鑑》 Sima Guang — Zizhi Tongjian
中國第一部編年體通史，記載戰國至五代的歷史。
China's first comprehensive chronological history, covering Warring States to Five Dynasties.
宋·金·遼並立 Song / Jin / Liao Coexistence
南宋偏安江南，金國控北方，蒙古崛起前的三國並立局面。
Southern Song in the south, Jin in the north, and rising Mongols — three powers before Yuan unification.
靖康之變 Jingkang Incident
金兵攻陷汴京，北宋滅亡，南宋建立。
Jin captured Kaifeng, ending Northern Song. Southern Song was established.
全真道興起 Quanzhen School of Taoism
王重陽創立全真道，融合儒釋道三家，強調內丹修煉與道德修養，是北方道教最重要的支派。
Wang Chongyang founds the Quanzhen school, integrating Confucian, Buddhist, and Taoist elements; the most important northern Taoist sect.
蒙古帝國 Mongol Empire
成吉思汗統一蒙古各部，建立史上最大的連續陸地帝國，橫跨歐亞大陸。
Genghis Khan unifies the Mongol tribes and builds the largest contiguous land empire in history, spanning from East Asia to Eastern Europe.
相關主軸：Related axes:成吉思汗Genghis Khan
楊輝三角 Yang Hui's Triangle
楊輝發表二項式係數三角形，比歐洲帕斯卡三角形早400年，應用於多項式展開與概率計算。
Yang Hui publishes the binomial coefficient triangle — 400 years before Pascal's Triangle in Europe — applied to polynomial expansion and probability.
相關主軸：Related axes:科學技術Science & Tech
元朝 Yuan Dynasty
蒙古忽必烈建立元朝，統治全中國，馬可波羅來訪，東西方交流空前。
Kublai Khan establishes Yuan; Marco Polo visits; unprecedented East-West exchange.
崖山海戰・南宋滅亡 Battle of Yamen — Fall of Song
蒙元滅南宋最後一戰，陸秀夫背幼帝投海。
Final battle between Yuan and Song. Lu Xiufu carried the child emperor into the sea.
郭守敬授時曆 Guo Shoujing — Shoushi Calendar
元代郭守敬制定授時曆，一年長度精確到365.2425天，與今日格里曆完全相同，精度超越當時歐洲任何曆法。
Yuan astronomer Guo Shoujing's Shoushi Calendar sets the year at 365.2425 days — identical to the modern Gregorian calendar — more accurate than any contemporary European calendar.
相關主軸：Related axes:科學技術Science & Tech
元曲 Yuan Dynasty Drama
關漢卿《竇娥冤》、王實甫《西廂記》，中國戲劇文學興起。
Guan Hanqing and Wang Shifu pioneered Chinese dramatic literature.
明朝 Ming Dynasty
明朝建立，鄭和七下西洋，萬里長城達今日形態，北京紫禁城建成。
Ming Dynasty established; Zheng He's voyages; Great Wall takes modern form; Forbidden City built.
相關主軸：Related axes:中國帝王Chinese Emperor
朱元璋廢丞相 Hongwu Abolishes Chancellor
朱元璋廢除丞相制度，皇權空前集中。
Hongwu Emperor abolished the chancellor system, centralizing imperial power.
明成祖永樂大帝 Yongle Emperor
遷都北京、編纂永樂大典、派鄭和下西洋。
Moved capital to Beijing, commissioned Yongle Encyclopedia, sent Zheng He's voyages.
鄭和寶船（造船技術） Zheng He's Treasure Ships
鄭和寶船長約 120 米，當時世界最大的木造船。
Zheng He's treasure ships were ~120m long, the largest wooden ships of their time.
鄭和下西洋 Zheng He's Voyages
鄭和率領當時世界最大的船隊七下西洋，到達非洲東岸，展現中國的航海實力，早於歐洲大航海時代半世紀。
Zheng He leads the world's largest fleet on seven voyages reaching East Africa — demonstrating China's maritime power half a century before Europe's Age of Exploration.
相關主軸：Related axes:貿易Trade中國科技Chinese Science & Tech探索·大航海Exploration · Age of Sail
武當山宮殿群建成 Wudang Mountain Temples Built
明成祖下令大規模建設武當山道教宮殿群
Ming Emperor Yongle orders grand Taoist temple complex built on Wudang Mountain.
正統道藏編纂完成 Daozang (Taoist Canon) Compiled
明朝完成正統道藏編纂，收錄道教經典近1,500部
Ming Dynasty completes the Daozang, compiling nearly 1,500 Taoist texts.
近代 · 16 條事件 Early Modern · 16 events
《三國演義》 Romance of the Three Kingdoms
羅貫中著，中國四大名著之一。
By Luo Guanzhong. One of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature.
相關主軸：Related axes:中國文學Chinese Literature
李時珍《本草綱目》 Li Shizhen — Compendium of Materia Medica
李時珍耗時27年完成《本草綱目》，收錄1892種藥物，被譯成多種語言，是東方藥學的百科全書。
Li Shizhen spends 27 years writing this encyclopedia of 1,892 medicinal substances — translated into many languages; the definitive compendium of Eastern pharmacology.
相關主軸：Related axes:科學技術Science & Tech
《水滸傳》 Water Margin
施耐庵著，108 好漢的故事。四大名著之一。
By Shi Nai'an. Story of 108 outlaws. One of the Four Great Classical Novels.
《西遊記》 Journey to the West
吳承恩著，講述唐三藏西天取經。四大名著之一。
By Wu Cheng'en. The story of Xuanzang's pilgrimage. One of the Four Great Classical Novels.
《金瓶梅》 The Plum in the Golden Vase
中國第一部文人獨立創作的長篇小說。
The first full-length novel written independently by a single Chinese author.
徐霞客地理考察 Xu Xiake — Geographical Exploration
明代地理學家徐霞客實地考察中國山川地貌，著《徐霞客遊記》，是中國近代地理學的先驅。
Ming geographer Xu Xiake surveys China's landscape on foot; his travel notes are a pioneering work of Chinese empirical geography.
相關主軸：Related axes:科學技術Science & Tech
李自成攻入北京 Li Zicheng Captures Beijing
農民軍攻入北京，崇禎帝自縊，明朝滅亡。
Rebel army entered Beijing. Chongzhen Emperor hanged himself. End of Ming dynasty.
清朝 Qing Dynasty
滿族建立清朝，康雍乾三朝鼎盛，後遭列強入侵，鴉片戰爭開啟近代屈辱史。
Manchu Qing Dynasty peaks under three emperors, then faces Western imperialism and the Opium Wars.
相關主軸：Related axes:中國帝王Chinese Emperor
康熙帝即位 Kangxi Emperor
在位 61 年，平三藩、收台灣、抗俄羅斯。清朝盛世。
Reigned 61 years. Suppressed revolts, annexed Taiwan, resisted Russia. Qing golden age.
相關主軸：Related axes:中國帝王Chinese Emperor
乾隆帝即位 Qianlong Emperor
編纂四庫全書。乾隆盛世後清朝由盛轉衰。
Compiled Siku Quanshu. After his reign, Qing dynasty began to decline.
《紅樓夢》 Dream of the Red Chamber
曹雪芹著，中國文學最高成就之一。四大名著之一。
By Cao Xueqin. Widely regarded as the pinnacle of Chinese fiction. One of the Four Great Classical Novels.
相關主軸：Related axes:中國文學Chinese Literature
第一次鴉片戰爭 First Opium War
英國以鴉片貿易為由開戰，清朝戰敗簽訂南京條約。
Britain waged war over opium trade. Qing defeat led to Treaty of Nanjing.
相關主軸：Related axes:歐洲Europe
太平天國 Taiping Rebellion
洪秀全領導的農民起義，造成約 2000 萬人死亡。
Hong Xiuquan's peasant rebellion, one of the deadliest conflicts in history (~20M deaths).
第二次鴉片戰爭 Second Opium War
英法聯軍攻入北京，火燒圓明園。
Anglo-French forces entered Beijing and burned the Old Summer Palace.
相關主軸：Related axes:歐洲Europe
中法戰爭 Sino-French War
法國爭奪越南宗主權，與清朝開戰。
France fought Qing China over suzerainty of Vietnam.
甲午戰爭 First Sino-Japanese War
清朝敗給日本，割讓台灣，東亞格局劇變。
Qing lost to Japan, ceded Taiwan. Dramatically shifted East Asian power dynamics.
現代 · 16 條事件 Modern · 16 events
八國聯軍 Boxer Protocol / Eight-Nation Alliance
義和團運動引發八國聯軍入侵北京。
Boxer Uprising led to an eight-nation military intervention in Beijing.
相關主軸：Related axes:歐洲Europe中國戰爭Chinese War
辛亥革命 Xinhai Revolution
武昌起義推翻清朝，建立中華民國。
Wuchang Uprising overthrew the Qing dynasty, establishing the Republic of China.
相關主軸：Related axes:中國戰爭Chinese War
中華民國建立 Republic of China
孫中山推翻清朝，建立中華民國，結束兩千年帝制。
Sun Yat-sen overthrows the Qing, founding the Republic of China and ending imperial rule.
相關主軸：Related axes:中國戰爭Chinese War
溥儀退位・帝制終結 Puyi Abdicates — End of Imperial China
末代皇帝溥儀退位，中國兩千年帝制結束。
Last emperor Puyi abdicated, ending 2000 years of imperial rule in China.
相關主軸：Related axes:中國帝王Chinese Emperor
魯迅《狂人日記》 Lu Xun — A Madman's Diary
中國現代文學開山之作。
The founding work of modern Chinese literature.
相關主軸：Related axes:中國文學Chinese Literature
五四運動 May Fourth Movement
五四運動推動科學與民主，是中國近代史重要轉折點。
The May Fourth Movement promotes science and democracy, a pivotal turning point in modern Chinese history.
相關主軸：Related axes:中國文學Chinese Literature
中日戰爭（抗戰） Second Sino-Japanese War
中國抗日戰爭，二戰亞洲戰場的一部分。
China's war against Japan, part of WWII's Asian theater.
盧溝橋事變·中日全面開戰 Marco Polo Bridge Incident
7 月 7 日日軍藉演習失蹤為由砲擊宛平城，中日全面戰爭爆發，亞洲戰場遠早於歐洲開打。
On July 7, Japanese forces shelled Wanping using a missing-soldier pretext, triggering all-out war between China and Japan — beginning the Asian theatre of WWII years before Europe.
南京大屠殺 Nanjing Massacre
12 月日軍攻陷南京後，於六週內屠殺約 30 萬平民與戰俘，為 20 世紀最嚴重戰爭暴行之一。
After capturing Nanjing in December, Japanese forces massacred an estimated 300,000 civilians and POWs over six weeks — one of the worst atrocities of the 20th century.
台灣光復 Retrocession of Taiwan
日本投降，台灣結束 50 年日治，回歸中華民國。
Japan surrendered. Taiwan returned to the Republic of China after 50 years of Japanese rule.
國共內戰 Chinese Civil War
國民黨與共產黨全面內戰。共產黨勝利，國民黨退守台灣。
Full-scale civil war between KMT and CPC. CPC victory; KMT retreated to Taiwan.
中華人民共和國 People's Republic of China
中國共產黨建立的社會主義國家。
Socialist state established by the Chinese Communist Party.
唐山大地震·24 萬死 1976 Tangshan Earthquake
1976/7/28 凌晨 7.5 級地震夷平唐山市，24 萬死、16 萬重傷；同年毛澤東逝世與文革結束，象徵中國動盪年代。
On Jul 28, 1976, a M7.5 quake leveled Tangshan (240k dead, 160k injured)—the same year Mao died and the Cultural Revolution ended.
中國加入 WTO·世界工廠 China Joins WTO · World's Factory
2001/12/11 中國加入 WTO，接軌全球市場；其後 20 年成世界工廠，GDP 從第 6 升至第 2（2010 年超日本）。
On Dec 11, 2001, China joined the WTO; over the next 20 years it became the world's factory, rising from 6th to 2nd GDP (surpassing Japan in 2010).
SARS·首個 21 世紀大流行 SARS Outbreak
2002/11 廣東首例 SARS-CoV 個案，2003 擴至 29 國造成 8,096 感染、774 死；促 WHO 改革全球公衛監控。
The first SARS-CoV case emerged in Guangdong (Nov 2002); spread to 29 countries by 2003 (8,096 cases, 774 deaths), triggering WHO reforms.
一帶一路倡議·新絲路 Belt and Road Initiative
2013/9/7 習近平在哈薩克宣布「絲綢之路經濟帶」，10 月海上絲路；中國主導基建+貿易，150+ 國簽署。
On Sep 7, 2013, Xi Jinping announced the Silk Road Economic Belt in Kazakhstan; with the Maritime Silk Road, 150+ countries signed on—China-led infrastructure and trade.