一場暗殺引爆了歐洲的火藥桶。十月革命推翻了沙皇，凡爾賽條約的屈辱埋下了下一場戰爭的種子。
An assassination lit Europe's powder keg. Revolution toppled the Tsar, and Versailles's humiliation seeded the next war.
在互動時間軸上瀏覽 → Open in interactive timeline →
3 月年輕的威廉二世迫使 75 歲的俾斯麥辭職。德國放棄俾斯麥「對俄保險條約」體系，轉向激進世界政策(Weltpolitik)，埋下一戰遠因。
In March, young Kaiser Wilhelm II forced the 75-year-old Bismarck to resign. Germany abandoned Bismarck's Reinsurance Treaty system for an aggressive 'Weltpolitik' — a long fuse toward World War I.
6-8 月保加利亞不滿分贓攻擊塞爾維亞與希臘，鄂圖曼與羅馬尼亞也趁機攻保。保加利亞慘敗，巴爾幹地區矛盾全面激化，為塞拉耶佛事件鋪路。
From June to August, dissatisfied with its share, Bulgaria attacked Serbia and Greece; the Ottomans and Romania also joined against Bulgaria. Bulgaria lost badly, and Balkan tensions fully boiled — setting the stage for Sarajevo.
第一次世界大戰爆發，超過1700萬人死亡，四大帝國瓦解，重塑世界政治格局。
World War I erupts, killing over 17 million people, dissolving four empires and reshaping the global political order.
6 月 28 日奧匈皇儲斐迪南大公夫婦在塞拉耶佛遭塞爾維亞青年普林西普刺殺，觸發「七月危機」和第一次世界大戰。
On June 28, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary and his wife were assassinated in Sarajevo by Serbian nationalist Princip — triggering the July Crisis and World War I.
7-8 月奧匈向塞爾維亞下最後通牒後各國連鎖動員：俄總動員、德宣戰俄法、英國因比利時中立受侵參戰，歐洲陷入世界大戰。
After Austria-Hungary's ultimatum to Serbia in July–August, chain mobilizations followed: Russia mobilized, Germany declared war on Russia and France, Britain joined after Belgium's neutrality was violated. Europe slid into world war.
8 月 1-4 日德國對俄法宣戰並入侵中立比利時，執行施里芬計畫意圖速戰速決擊敗法國。英國因比利時中立受侵參戰。
On August 1–4, Germany declared war on Russia and France and invaded neutral Belgium to execute the Schlieffen Plan. Britain entered the war over Belgium's violated neutrality.
9 月 6-12 日法軍與英軍在巴黎近郊的馬恩河反擊德軍，阻止施里芬計畫實現。巴黎計程車載兵支援戰線成為傳奇，塹壕戰從此定型。
On September 6–12, French and British forces counterattacked the Germans on the Marne near Paris, halting the Schlieffen Plan. Paris taxis ferrying troops to the front became legend; trench warfare took hold.
8 月興登堡與魯登道夫在東普魯士包圍俄第二軍團，俘虜 9 萬俄軍，薩姆索諾夫將軍自殺。俄軍入侵德國失敗，德國東線神話開始。
In August, Hindenburg and Ludendorff encircled the Russian Second Army in East Prussia, capturing 90,000 and driving General Samsonov to suicide. The Russian invasion of Germany failed and the Eastern Front legend of the German army began.
1914/9/6-12 法軍 Joffre 在 Marne 河阻德軍推進，巴黎動員計程車運兵，Schlieffen 計畫破滅。
From Sep 6-12, 1914, Joffre halted the German advance at the Marne; Parisian taxis ferried troops, shattering the Schlieffen Plan.
10-11 月英法比聯軍在比利時伊普爾阻止德軍「奔向大海」，西線運動戰結束，雙方挖掘塹壕對峙，奠定四年僵持格局。
From October to November, British, French, and Belgian forces halted the German 'Race to the Sea' at Ypres. Mobile warfare ended and both sides dug in — setting the four-year stalemate of the Western Front.
1915/4-1916/1 英澳紐聯軍登陸加里波利半島圍鄂圖曼失敗，11.5 萬聯軍傷亡；ANZAC 民族認同起源。
From Apr 1915 to Jan 1916, British/ANZAC forces failed to capture Gallipoli from Ottomans; 115,000 casualties—the birth of ANZAC identity.
4 月 22 日德軍首次在西線大規模使用氯氣毒氣，造成協約國千人死亡，化學武器從此進入現代戰爭。
On April 22, Germany launched the first large-scale chlorine gas attack on the Western Front, killing a thousand Allied soldiers and bringing chemical weapons into modern warfare.
5 月德奧聯軍在波蘭南部突破俄軍防線，迫使俄軍「大撤退」退出波蘭、立陶宛、加利西亞，損兵百萬，削弱俄帝國。
In May, German–Austrian forces shattered Russian lines in southern Poland, triggering the 'Great Retreat' out of Poland, Lithuania, and Galicia. Russia lost a million men, weakening the empire.
鄂圖曼政府以安全為由大規模驅逐屠殺境內亞美尼亞人，1915-1923 年估計有 100-150 萬人死亡。是 20 世紀首場大規模系統性屠殺。
The Ottoman government carried out mass deportations and massacres of its Armenian population on security pretexts. An estimated 1–1.5 million died (1915–1923) — the 20th century's first large-scale systematic genocide.
5 月 7 日英國客輪盧西塔尼亞號遭德國 U 艇擊沉，1,198 人罹難含 128 名美國人，衝擊美國輿論、埋下日後參戰伏筆。
On May 7, a German U-boat sank the British liner Lusitania. 1,198 died, including 128 Americans — shocking U.S. public opinion and sowing seeds for later intervention.
4 月 24 日 CUP 政府開始逮捕 Constantinople 亞美尼亞知識精英(是日為亞美尼亞紀念日)。接續放逐 Anatolia 亞美尼亞平民到敘利亞沙漠，死亡行軍、屠殺、餓死、疾病致約 150 萬人亡(全族 1/2)。是 20 世紀首個國家規劃種族滅絕，啟發「genocide」一詞。土耳其至今官方否認。
On April 24, the CUP government arrested Armenian intellectual elite in Constantinople (now Armenian Remembrance Day). Armenian civilians of Anatolia were deported to the Syrian desert via death marches, massacres, starvation, and disease — approximately 1.5 million died (half the entire people). The 20th century's first state-planned genocide, inspiring the word 'genocide.' Turkey still officially denies it.
4 月義大利背棄三國同盟，與協約國簽訂倫敦條約，被承諾戰後獲得南蒂羅爾、的里雅斯特等土地。5 月 23 日對奧匈宣戰。
In April, Italy abandoned the Triple Alliance and signed the Treaty of London with the Allies, promised South Tyrol, Trieste, and other territories. On May 23, Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary.
2-12 月德軍攻擊凡爾登要塞欲「放血法國」，法軍以「他們不會通過」（Ils ne passeront pas）口號死守十個月。雙方傷亡共 70 萬人，是法國國族記憶頂峰。
From February to December, German forces attacked Verdun to 'bleed France white.' The French held on for ten months under the rallying cry 'Ils ne passeront pas.' Casualties totaled 700,000 — the apex of French national memory.
4 月愛爾蘭共和派趁英軍主力在西線，於都柏林發動起義宣布獨立。英軍鎮壓並處決 15 名領導者，反激起愛爾蘭獨立運動。
In April, Irish Republicans rose in Dublin to declare independence while British forces were on the Western Front. The British crushed the rising and executed 15 leaders, galvanizing the Irish independence movement.
5 月 31 日-6 月 1 日英德主力艦隊在北海日德蘭海域決戰，雙方均聲稱勝利。此後德國公海艦隊蝸居港內，轉而仰賴 U 艇破交戰。
On May 31–June 1, the British and German main fleets clashed in the North Sea off Jutland. Both claimed victory; afterward the German High Seas Fleet stayed in port, and Germany pivoted to unrestricted U-boat warfare.
6-9 月俄軍將領布魯西洛夫以新式滲透戰術痛擊奧匈，是俄軍最大勝利、也是奧匈軍的致命一擊。但傷亡慘重，間接加速俄國革命。
From June to September, Russian general Brusilov's novel infiltration tactics devastated Austria-Hungary. Russia's greatest victory was also a fatal blow to the Habsburgs — though the heavy cost helped accelerate the Revolution.
6 月麥加謝里夫海珊在英國支持下起兵反抗鄂圖曼，英軍聯絡官 T.E. 勞倫斯率阿拉伯部族游擊，1918 年助攻入大馬士革。
In June, Sharif Hussein of Mecca rose against the Ottomans with British backing. British liaison T.E. Lawrence led Arab irregulars in guerrilla warfare, culminating in the capture of Damascus in 1918.
7-11 月英法聯軍進攻索姆河，開戰首日（7/1）英軍傷亡 5.7 萬人，是英軍史上最慘重單日損失。戰中首次使用坦克。
From July to November, Anglo-French forces attacked along the Somme. On the first day (July 1), Britain suffered 57,000 casualties — the bloodiest single day in British military history. Tanks were used in combat for the first time.
1915-1917 年義大利對奧匈在伊松佐河沿線發動 12 次大規模進攻，類似西線塹壕戰的山地版本。雙方損兵逾百萬僅小幅推進。
From 1915 to 1917, Italy launched 12 major offensives against Austria-Hungary along the Isonzo River — a mountain version of Western Front trench warfare. Over a million casualties for marginal gains.
1 月德國外長齊默曼發電報給墨西哥，提議若德美開戰則墨西哥攻美，事成後歸還德州等地。英國破譯後公開，激怒美國輿論。
In January, German Foreign Minister Zimmermann cabled Mexico proposing an alliance — if Germany and the U.S. went to war, Mexico would attack and reclaim Texas et al. British decryption and publication enraged American opinion.
3 月英印軍攻下巴格達，雪恥前年庫特圍城慘敗。英國控制美索不達米亞為戰後託管伊拉克鋪路。
In March, Anglo-Indian forces captured Baghdad, avenging the disastrous siege of Kut the previous year. British control of Mesopotamia set the stage for the postwar Mandate of Iraq.
4 月法軍指揮官尼維勒的大攻勢慘敗，逾 40 個師發生譁變拒絕攻擊。貝當接任後改革軍心，但法軍自此只防禦不進攻。
In April, French commander Nivelle's grand offensive failed disastrously; over 40 divisions mutinied, refusing to attack. Pétain restored morale but the French army stayed on the defensive thereafter.
4 月 6 日美國因德國無限制潛艇戰與 Zimmermann 密電對德宣戰，結束孤立主義。美軍遠征軍 1918 年投入西線是盟軍最終勝利關鍵。
On April 6, the U.S. declared war on Germany over unrestricted submarine warfare and the Zimmermann Telegram, ending isolationism. American Expeditionary Forces on the Western Front in 1918 tipped the balance for Allied victory.
6 月希臘在維尼澤洛斯主導下對同盟國宣戰，加入巴爾幹戰線，1918 年馬其頓戰線助擊敗保加利亞。
In June, under Venizelos, Greece declared war on the Central Powers and joined the Balkan Front. In 1918, Greek forces helped defeat Bulgaria on the Macedonian Front.
7-11 月英軍主導的攻勢，於比利時泥濘戰場血戰百日，雙方各損逾 20 萬人僅推進 8 公里。塹壕戰慘烈的象徵。
From July to November, a British-led offensive ground through a Belgian quagmire for 100 days. Each side lost over 200,000 men for just 8 km of gain — the emblem of trench warfare's futility.
11 月（舊曆 10 月）列寧領導布爾什維克推翻臨時政府，建立世界首個社會主義政權。俄國退出 WW1，開啟 20 世紀共產主義實驗。
In November (October O.S.), Lenin's Bolsheviks overthrew the Provisional Government and established the world's first socialist state. Russia withdrew from WWI, opening the 20th-century communist experiment.
10-11 月德奧軍隊以新式滲透戰術突破義軍防線，義軍大潰退 150 公里至皮亞韋河。損失 30 萬俘虜，海明威的《戰地春夢》以此為背景。
In October–November, German–Austrian forces broke Italian lines using new infiltration tactics, driving them back 150 km to the Piave. 300,000 Italians were captured — the setting of Hemingway's 'A Farewell to Arms.'
1917/11/7（舊曆 10/25）列寧領導布爾什維克武裝奪取聖彼得堡，終結臨時政府；第一個共產政權成立。
On Nov 7, 1917 (Oct 25 OS), Lenin's Bolsheviks seized Petrograd, ending the provisional government—founding the first communist state.
2 月《代議法》通過，30 歲以上有財產婦女首獲投票權(840 萬人)、所有 21 歲男性獲投票權(1290 萬)。經 Pankhurst 母女領導的婦女社會與政治聯盟(WSPU)激進運動 + 一戰後勞工貢獻爭取，1928 年完全平等。
In February the Representation of the People Act granted the vote to property-owning women over 30 (8.4 million) and all men over 21 (12.9 million). After militant suffragette campaigning by the Pankhursts' WSPU and women's WW1 contributions, full equality came in 1928.
1918/1/8 Wilson 在國會演講提 14 點和平原則：民族自決、公開外交、國際聯盟等，定戰後秩序基調。
On Jan 8, 1918, Wilson addressed Congress with 14 points (self-determination, open diplomacy, League of Nations), shaping the postwar order.
1 月 8 日美國總統威爾遜在國會演說提出十四點和平原則，含民族自決、開放外交、國際組織等，奠定戰後秩序理想。
On January 8, President Wilson outlined Fourteen Points in Congress, including self-determination, open diplomacy, and an international organization — the ideological blueprint for the postwar order.
3 月 3 日蘇俄與德奧簽和約，割讓烏克蘭、波蘭、芬蘭、波羅的海三國等大片土地，退出 WW1。德軍因此抽兵西線發動春季攻勢。
On March 3, Soviet Russia signed a peace with Germany and Austria-Hungary, ceding vast territory (Ukraine, Poland, Finland, the Baltics) to exit WWI. This freed German troops for the Spring Offensive in the West.
3-7 月德軍從東線抽調兵力發動最後賭博，突擊法軍達百公里逼近巴黎。盟軍力守、美軍投入後德軍耗竭，為百日攻勢反攻鋪路。
From March to July, Germany gambled everything with troops transferred from the East, advancing 100 km toward Paris. Allied defense and fresh U.S. forces exhausted the Germans, paving the way for the Hundred Days Offensive.
8 月 8 日盟軍自亞眠發起連續攻勢（魯登道夫稱「德軍最黑暗的日子」），一百日內擊潰興登堡防線，德國求和。
Beginning August 8 at Amiens (Ludendorff's 'black day of the German army'), Allied forces broke the Hindenburg Line in 100 days, forcing Germany to seek peace.
10 月英軍與阿拉伯軍攻入阿勒頗，鄂圖曼在中東全線崩潰，三週後簽訂穆德洛斯停戰協定。
In October, British and Arab forces captured Aleppo. The Ottoman position in the Middle East collapsed, and three weeks later the Armistice of Mudros was signed.
9 月 26 日-11 月 11 日百日攻勢中美軍承擔的最大戰役，潘興率 120 萬美軍攻擊德軍右翼。美軍付出 2.6 萬陣亡，是美軍史上最血腥戰役之一。
From September 26 to November 11, the largest U.S. battle of the Hundred Days Offensive. Pershing commanded 1.2 million Americans against the German right flank. U.S. deaths reached 26,000 — one of the bloodiest battles in American history.
10 月 24 日-11 月 3 日義軍最後攻勢擊潰奧匈軍，11/3 簽訂威拉朱斯蒂停戰，奧匈帝國正式瓦解。為義大利雪卡波雷托之恥。
From October 24 to November 3, Italy's final offensive routed the Austro-Hungarian army. The Armistice of Villa Giusti was signed on November 3, formally dissolving Austria-Hungary — avenging Caporetto.
10-11 月奧匈各民族紛紛宣布獨立：捷克斯洛伐克、南斯拉夫、匈牙利、奧地利。延續 400 年的哈布斯堡帝國瓦解。
In October–November, the nationalities of Austria-Hungary declared independence: Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Austria. The 400-year Habsburg Empire dissolved.
11 月初基爾水兵拒絕出擊引爆全德革命，德皇威廉二世退位流亡荷蘭，德意志帝國終結，威瑪共和成立。
In early November, the Kiel sailors' refusal to sortie sparked a nationwide revolution. Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated and fled to the Netherlands; the German Empire fell and the Weimar Republic was born.
10 月 30 日鄂圖曼帝國在愛琴海穆德洛斯港向英國簽署停戰協定，開放海峽、解除武裝，戰後被占領進而促成土耳其獨立戰爭。
On October 30, the Ottoman Empire signed an armistice with Britain at Mudros (Aegean), opening the straits and disarming. Postwar occupation led to the Turkish War of Independence.
11 月 11 日上午 11 時，德國代表在法國康邊森林一節火車車廂內簽署停戰協定，第一次世界大戰結束。
At 11 a.m. on November 11, German representatives signed the Armistice in a railway carriage at Compiègne Forest, ending World War I.
鄂圖曼帝國在一戰中加入德國陣營失敗，英法瓜分其中東領土，六百年帝國瓦解。現代中東的幾乎所有邊界和衝突都源自這次崩潰後的重組。
The Ottoman Empire's defeat in WWI on Germany's side led Britain and France to partition its Middle Eastern territories. Almost every modern Middle Eastern border and conflict traces back to this collapse.
8 月 11 日威瑪制憲會議通過威瑪憲法，德意志第一共和正式成立，男女普選、比例代表制。但遭凡爾賽屈辱與經濟動盪夾擊，1933 年告終。
On August 11, the Weimar constituent assembly adopted the Weimar Constitution, founding Germany's first republic — universal suffrage, proportional representation. Battered by Versailles humiliation and economic chaos, it ended in 1933.
1919 年 1 月 32 國代表齊聚巴黎召開和會，由美英法義「四巨頭」主導。歷時半年產出凡爾賽條約及一系列對德奧保土和約。
In January 1919, representatives of 32 countries gathered in Paris for the peace conference, led by the Big Four (US, UK, France, Italy). Six months of negotiations produced the Treaty of Versailles and other settlements.
1919/6/28 Sarajevo 刺殺 5 週年，德於 Versailles 鏡廳簽屈辱條約：失 13% 領土、付賠款、限軍；埋二戰禍根。
On Jun 28, 1919 (5 years after Sarajevo), Germany signed the harsh Versailles Treaty in the Hall of Mirrors: 13% territory lost, reparations, army limits—seeding WWII.
6 月 28 日（薩拉熱窩事件 5 週年）簽訂，德國失 13% 領土與所有殖民地、軍力限縮至 10 萬、承擔 1320 億金馬克賠款。極端屈辱埋下納粹崛起遠因。
Signed June 28 (five years after Sarajevo). Germany lost 13% of its territory and all colonies, its army was capped at 100,000, and it owed 132 billion gold marks in reparations. The humiliation laid seeds for Nazi rise.