彌生時代 Yayoi Period
水稻農業傳入日本，金屬工具出現，日本進入農耕文明。
Rice agriculture arrives in Japan; metal tools appear; Japan enters agricultural civilization.
日本歷史 Japanese History
從彌生人的稻田到明治的槍砲。兩千年間,日本從邊陲小島躍成帝國,再從廢墟爬起成為奇蹟。
From Yayoi rice farmers to Meiji guns. Two millennia saw Japan leap from island backwater to empire, then claw back from ashes to miracle.
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Interactive Timeline
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-993 – 13 · 1 條事件 -993 – 13 · 1 events
13 – 1019 · 5 條事件 13 – 1019 · 5 events
大和時代 Yamato Period
大和政權統一日本，天皇制度確立，佛教自朝鮮傳入。
Yamato state unifies Japan; imperial system established; Buddhism introduced from Korea.
禪宗興起 Chan (Zen) Buddhism
菩提達摩傳入禪宗，強調頓悟與冥想，後來傳入日本成為禪宗，深刻影響東亞藝術、武術與哲學。
Bodhidharma brings Chan Buddhism; emphasis on meditation and sudden enlightenment; spreads to Japan as Zen, profoundly influencing East Asian art and philosophy.
相關主軸：Related axes:中國China
佛教傳入日本 Buddhism Enters Japan
百濟國王向日本天皇贈送佛像與經典
King of Baekje sends Buddhist images and sutras to the Japanese emperor.
大化改新 Taika Reform
日本仿效唐朝進行政治改革，建立中央集權體制
Japan reforms its government following Tang Dynasty models, centralizing power.
奈良·平安時代 Nara & Heian Period
奈良建都，唐文化影響深遠；平安時代假名文字誕生，源氏物語等文學名著問世。
Nara capital built under Tang influence; Heian era sees kana script and The Tale of Genji.
1019 – 2026 · 19 條事件 1019 – 2026 · 19 events
武士時代 Samurai Era
鎌倉幕府建立，武士階級崛起，日本進入武家政治時代。
Kamakura shogunate established; samurai class rises; Japan enters warrior-governed era.
元寇襲來・蒙古入侵 Mongol Invasions of Japan
蒙古帝國兩次入侵日本均因颱風失敗
Mongol Empire launches two invasions of Japan, both defeated by typhoons ('kamikaze').
相關主軸：Related axes:中亞/北亞Central Asia
江戶時代 Edo Period
德川幕府建立，鎖國政策，和平繁榮265年，浮世繪、歌舞伎等文化繁盛。
Tokugawa shogunate; sakoku isolation policy; 265 years of peace; ukiyo-e and kabuki culture flourish.
明治維新 Meiji Restoration
明治維新推行現代化改革，脫亞入歐，日本迅速崛起為亞洲強國。
Meiji Restoration modernizes Japan along Western lines, rapidly making Japan a major power.
甲午戰爭 First Sino-Japanese War
清朝敗給日本，割讓台灣，東亞格局劇變。
Qing lost to Japan, ceded Taiwan. Dramatically shifted East Asian power dynamics.
日本吞併朝鮮 Japan Annexes Korea
朝鮮淪為日本殖民地，直到1945年
Korea becomes a Japanese colony until 1945.
關東大震災·帝都毀 1923 Great Kantō Earthquake
1923/9/1 7.9 級地震 + 火災摧毀東京、橫濱，14 萬死；後續誤傳引發對朝鮮人的屠殺（6,000+ 死）。
On Sep 1, 1923, a M7.9 quake + firestorm devastated Tokyo/Yokohama (140k dead); false rumors led to massacres of Koreans (6,000+ killed).
柏林奧運·軸心國成形 Berlin Olympics & Axis Alliance Forms
納粹德國以柏林奧運粉飾形象，同年與義大利簽「柏林-羅馬軸心」、與日本簽《反共產國際協定》，軸心雛形成立。
Nazi Germany used the Berlin Olympics as propaganda. In the same year, Germany signed the Rome–Berlin Axis and the Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan — the Axis alliance was forming.
中日戰爭（抗戰） Second Sino-Japanese War
中國抗日戰爭，二戰亞洲戰場的一部分。
China's war against Japan, part of WWII's Asian theater.
盧溝橋事變·中日全面開戰 Marco Polo Bridge Incident
7 月 7 日日軍藉演習失蹤為由砲擊宛平城，中日全面戰爭爆發，亞洲戰場遠早於歐洲開打。
On July 7, Japanese forces shelled Wanping using a missing-soldier pretext, triggering all-out war between China and Japan — beginning the Asian theatre of WWII years before Europe.
南京大屠殺 Nanjing Massacre
12 月日軍攻陷南京後，於六週內屠殺約 30 萬平民與戰俘，為 20 世紀最嚴重戰爭暴行之一。
After capturing Nanjing in December, Japanese forces massacred an estimated 300,000 civilians and POWs over six weeks — one of the worst atrocities of the 20th century.
珍珠港事變 Attack on Pearl Harbor
12 月 7 日日軍偷襲夏威夷珍珠港美軍基地，擊沉多艘戰艦，隔日美國對日宣戰，正式加入二戰。
On December 7, Japanese forces surprise-attacked the U.S. Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, sinking several battleships. The U.S. declared war the next day, formally entering WWII.
日本戰敗 Japan Defeated
日本在二戰中戰敗投降，隨後在美國協助下推行民主改革，創造經濟奇蹟。
Japan surrenders in WWII, then undergoes democratic reform under US guidance and achieves economic miracle.
廣島長崎原子彈 Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
8 月 6 日廣島、9 日長崎先後遭美軍投下原子彈，造成 20 多萬人死亡，是人類首次也是唯一一次戰爭中動用核武。
On August 6 and 9, U.S. forces dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, killing over 200,000 people. The first and only wartime use of nuclear weapons.
日本投降·密蘇里號受降 Japanese Surrender
8 月 15 日昭和天皇玉音放送宣布接受波茨坦宣言，9 月 2 日在東京灣密蘇里號戰艦簽署投降書，二戰正式結束。
On August 15, Emperor Hirohito announced acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration. On September 2, Japan signed the instrument of surrender aboard USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay, ending WWII.
紐倫堡與東京審判 Nuremberg and Tokyo Trials
1945-1946 年起盟軍分別在紐倫堡與東京審判納粹德國與日本的戰犯，首次確立「反人類罪」與「侵略罪」國際法概念。
Starting 1945–1946, the Allies tried Nazi German and Japanese war criminals in Nuremberg and Tokyo, establishing crimes against humanity and aggression as international law.
遠東國際軍事法庭·東京審判 Tokyo Trials (IMTFE)
1946/5-1948/11 遠東國際軍事法庭審 28 名日本戰犯，7 人絞（Tojo 等）、18 終身。裕仁天皇未被起訴。
From May 1946 to Nov 1948, the Tokyo Tribunal tried 28 Japanese war criminals; 7 were hanged (Tojo et al.) and 18 sentenced to life. Emperor Hirohito was not indicted.
東京奧運・經濟奇蹟 Tokyo Olympics・Economic Miracle
東京奧運展現日本戰後經濟奇蹟與復興
Tokyo Olympics showcases Japan's postwar economic miracle and recovery.
東日本大震災 + Fukushima 2011 Tōhoku Earthquake · Fukushima
2011/3/11 東北外海 9.0 級地震 + 海嘯殺近 2 萬人、摧毀 Fukushima Daiichi 核電廠，成為 Chernobyl 以後最嚴重核災。
On Mar 11, 2011, a M9.0 quake + tsunami killed ~20,000 and destroyed Fukushima Daiichi NPP—the worst nuclear disaster since Chernobyl.