9 歲對父親發誓滅羅馬，他用一生兌現。29 歲帶 38 頭戰象翻越 Alps、30 歲坎尼一日殲敵 5 萬、在義大利浴血 13 年。最終 Zama 戰敗、流亡 19 年、服毒自盡——只為不讓羅馬人活捉。歐洲軍事學院研究他的戰術 2200 年。
At nine he swore eternal hatred of Rome, and spent his life fulfilling that oath. At 29 he led 38 war elephants across the Alps; at 30 he annihilated 50,000 Romans in a single day at Cannae; for 13 years he bled Italy. After defeat at Zama and 19 years of exile, he poisoned himself rather than be taken. Western military academies have studied him for 2,200 years.
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公元前 264 Rome 派兵援 Messana 的 Mamertines 傭兵團，介入西西里，引爆與 Carthage 的 23 年首次布匿戰爭。
In 264 BC, Rome intervened in Sicily to help the Mamertines at Messana, triggering a 23-year war with Carthage.
迦太基將軍世家之子。9 歲對父親發誓滅羅馬、26 歲統帥伊比利亞、29 歲翻越 Alps 帶 38 頭戰象入義大利、30 歲坎尼一役殲滅羅馬軍 5 萬。終生未能攻下羅馬，流亡 20 年後服毒自殺。
Son of the Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca. At 9 swore eternal enmity to Rome. At 26 commanded the army in Iberia. At 29 crossed the Alps with 38 elephants into Italy. At 30 annihilated 50,000 Romans at Cannae. Never took Rome itself; died by self-administered poison after 20 years of exile.
前 241 Aegates 海戰後 Carthage 求和，簽 Lutatius 條約割西西里給 Rome，賠款 3,200 Talents。
After Aegates (241 BC), Carthage sued for peace—the Treaty of Lutatius ceded Sicily to Rome with an indemnity of 3,200 talents.
父親 Hamilcar Barca 第一次布匿戰爭後赴伊比利亞重建迦太基勢力。9 歲漢尼拔隨行，自此在軍營長大、學軍事與政治、學會 7 種語言，包括拉丁、希臘、埃及、伊比利亞語。
After the First Punic War, Hamilcar Barca sailed to Iberia to rebuild Carthaginian power. He took 9-year-old Hannibal. The boy grew up in army camps, learning warfare and politics, eventually mastering seven languages — Latin, Greek, Egyptian, Iberian, and others.
父親 Hamilcar Barca 出征伊比利亞前，帶 9 歲漢尼拔到 Baal 神壇，命他立誓：「永世與羅馬為敵」。漢尼拔終生履行這個誓言。
Before his father Hamilcar Barca sailed for Iberia, he took 9-year-old Hannibal to the altar of Baal and made him swear: "I will never be a friend of Rome." Hannibal kept that oath until death.
姐夫 Hasdrubal 被刺後，士兵推舉漢尼拔為統帥。兩年內鞏固迦太基在伊比利亞的權威，並訓練出後來翻越 Alps 的精銳部隊。
After his brother-in-law Hasdrubal was assassinated, the soldiers acclaimed 26-year-old Hannibal as their commander. In two years he consolidated Carthaginian power across Iberia and trained the elite corps that would later cross the Alps.
前 219/8 Hannibal 圍攻 Rome 盟城 Saguntum 長達 8 個月破城，Rome 次年對 Carthage 宣戰。
Hannibal besieged Rome's ally Saguntum for 8 months (219 BC); Rome declared war on Carthage the next year.
Saguntum (今西班牙 Sagunto) 為親羅馬城邦。漢尼拔以該城掠奪迦太基盟邦為由發兵圍 8 個月、攻陷後屠城。羅馬遣使到迦太基要交出漢尼拔，遭拒，正式宣戰——第二次布匿戰爭爆發。
Saguntum (modern Sagunto, Spain) was a Roman ally. Hannibal accused it of raiding pro-Carthaginian neighbors and besieged the city for 8 months; after capture he massacred its inhabitants. Rome demanded he be handed over; Carthage refused. The Second Punic War began.
率 5 萬步兵、9 千騎兵、38 頭戰象，由伊比利亞北上、跨越 Pyrenees、橫渡 Rhone、再翻 Alps 入義大利北部。15 天高山行軍，過程中損兵半數，但戰術奇襲全然成功。
With 50,000 infantry, 9,000 cavalry, and 38 war elephants, Hannibal marched from Iberia, across the Pyrenees, over the Rhone, and through the Alps into northern Italy. The 15-day mountain crossing cost half his army — but the strategic surprise was total.
前 218/10 Hannibal 率 4 萬步兵、37 戰象翻越 Alps 入義大利，軍史奇蹟，開啟第二次布匿戰爭。
In October 218 BC, Hannibal crossed the Alps with 40,000 infantry and 37 war elephants—a military miracle—starting the Second Punic War.
前 218/12 Hannibal 誘羅馬軍渡冰冷 Trebia 河後設伏，殲 4 萬羅馬軍，入義大利首勝。
In December 218 BC, Hannibal lured Romans across the freezing Trebia and ambushed them, destroying 40,000 troops.
Trasimene 慘敗後，羅馬選獨裁官 Fabius Maximus。Fabius 拒絕與漢尼拔正面決戰，只在山地跟蹤、騷擾、燒糧。羅馬人罵他「Cunctator」(拖延者)，但這個策略後來被軍事學界稱為「Fabian strategy」。最後羅馬政界仍嫌他懦弱，下次選了 Varro 與 Paulus——導致坎尼。
After Trasimene, Rome appointed Fabius Maximus dictator. Fabius refused open battle with Hannibal, only shadowing him through hills, raiding, burning supplies. Romans called him "Cunctator" — the Delayer. Military historians later named the strategy after him. But Roman politics found him too cautious; the next year Varro and Paulus took over — and led the army to Cannae.
前 217/6 Hannibal 在 Trasimene 湖岸霧中伏擊 Flaminius 率羅馬軍，1.5 萬全殲，1.5 萬俘。
In June 217 BC, Hannibal ambushed Flaminius in fog by Lake Trasimene; 15,000 Romans killed and 15,000 captured.
8 月 2 日第二次布匿戰爭中迦太基將軍漢尼拔以 5 萬大軍以鉗形戰術包圍 8 萬羅馬軍，殺羅馬人 5 萬餘。是西方軍事史上最完美包圍戰例，但羅馬最終靠耐力反勝。
On August 2, in the Second Punic War, Carthaginian general Hannibal's 50,000 troops enveloped 80,000 Romans in a perfect double envelopment, killing over 50,000. The greatest tactical victory in Western military history — yet Rome's endurance ultimately won the war.
坎尼後盟邦盡叛羅馬，但漢尼拔缺攻城武器、無法強攻羅馬城。13 年間在南義大利反覆機動、勝多敗少，但戰略陷入消耗戰。最後因迦太基本土危急，被召回。
After Cannae most of Rome's allies defected, but Hannibal lacked siege equipment to storm Rome itself. For 13 years he maneuvered through southern Italy — winning many battles but losing the war of attrition. Finally recalled when Carthage itself faced invasion.
漢尼拔以 5 萬迦太基兵對 8 萬羅馬軍。雙翼包抄戰術 (double envelopment) 完全成功，一日內殺羅馬軍五萬、俘 1 萬。羅馬執政官 Paulus 戰死，名字日後在西方軍校被當作戰術經典研究 2200 年。
With 50,000 men against 80,000 Romans, Hannibal executed a perfect double envelopment. In a single day he killed 50,000 Romans and captured 10,000. The Roman consul Paulus died on the field. Cannae has been studied at every Western military academy for 2,200 years as the textbook battle of annihilation.
前 212 Marcellus 攻破 Syracuse，Archimedes 雖設計多種防禦武器，仍在城破時被羅馬兵所殺。
In 212 BC, Marcellus took Syracuse; despite Archimedes's defensive inventions, he was killed by a Roman soldier.
前 211 Rome 收復叛變盟邦 Capua，Hannibal 南義大利勢力瓦解，戰局逆轉。
Rome recovered Capua (which had defected to Hannibal) in 211 BC, collapsing Hannibal's position in southern Italy.
羅馬將 Scipio Africanus 直接打到迦太基門口、奪 Numidian 騎兵盟邦。迦太基緊急召漢尼拔回援。離義大利時他凝視亞平寧山久久，據傳說「比戰敗還難過」。歷史上首次完全自願放棄占領區。
Roman general Scipio Africanus had landed in North Africa and stripped Carthage of its Numidian cavalry allies. Carthage frantically recalled Hannibal. Boarding ship to leave Italy, he reportedly stared at the Apennines a long time — said to be "more grieved than at any defeat." The first known case of a commander voluntarily abandoning all his territorial gains.
Zama 決戰前一日，漢尼拔提出與 Scipio 單獨會面。兩位生平最強對手在曠野相對而立、互看良久後才開口。漢尼拔提了寬鬆和約 (僅西西里、薩丁、伊比利亞讓羅馬)，Scipio 拒絕。雙方致敬而別。
The day before the battle of Zama, Hannibal asked for a private meeting with Scipio. The two greatest commanders of their age met alone in open ground, gazed at each other in silence before speaking. Hannibal offered lenient terms (cede Sicily, Sardinia, Iberia only); Scipio refused. They saluted and parted.
Scipio 學透坎尼戰術反過來用：以 Numidian 騎兵側翼包抄漢尼拔。漢尼拔的 80 頭新象軍因騎兵噪音受驚衝亂自家陣型。迦太基軍崩潰、2 萬戰死、2 萬被俘。漢尼拔本人逃回 Carthage——15 年無敗的戰將，首次真正失利。
Scipio had studied Cannae and now used the same tactic in reverse: Numidian cavalry on the wings to envelop Hannibal. Hannibal's 80 new war elephants, panicked by Roman trumpet noise, charged through their own lines. The Carthaginian army broke; 20,000 dead, 20,000 captured. Hannibal himself escaped to Carthage — the unbeaten general's first real defeat.
前 202/10 Scipio Africanus 在 Zama 以騎兵戰術擊敗 Hannibal，結束第二次布匿戰爭。
At Zama (Oct 202 BC), Scipio Africanus defeated Hannibal using cavalry tactics, ending the Second Punic War.
前 201 Carthage 簽和，交艦隊、賠款 10,000 Talents、限未經 Rome 許可不得對外戰，降為從屬。
In 201 BC, Carthage surrendered its fleet, paid 10,000 talents, and agreed not to wage war without Rome's permission—becoming a client.
戰後迦太基要付羅馬巨額賠款，幾乎破產。漢尼拔轉戰政界，當選 Suffete (執政官)，整頓貪腐、改革財政、追討權貴侵吞。Carthage 經濟竟在 5 年內回升。但被舊權貴向羅馬告狀「漢尼拔密謀再戰」，被迫流亡。
Carthage was crippled by Roman war indemnities. Hannibal turned to politics, was elected Suffete (chief magistrate), and ruthlessly reformed: cracked down on graft, recovered embezzled funds. Carthage's economy actually recovered within 5 years. But the entrenched aristocracy denounced him to Rome, accusing him of plotting renewed war. He fled into exile.
流亡到塞琉古王 Antiochus III 朝中。提議借海軍攻義大利、自己率軍登陸—— Antiochus 不採。Antiochus 隨後在 Magnesia 戰役被羅馬大敗 (-190)。羅馬要求引渡漢尼拔，他再逃 Bithynia。
He took refuge with Antiochus III of the Seleucid Empire. He proposed using the Syrian navy to land an army in Italy, himself commanding. Antiochus refused. Antiochus was then crushed by Rome at Magnesia (-190). Rome demanded Hannibal's extradition; he fled again, to Bithynia.
Zama 戰敗後 (-202)，漢尼拔在迦太基政治改革，後遭羅馬施壓流亡。先到敘利亞 Antiochus III 麾下，再轉 Bithynia。羅馬使節找上門索人時，漢尼拔說：「讓我們解除羅馬人對一個老人的恐懼吧。」服毒自盡，享年 64。
After defeat at Zama (-202), Hannibal led political reforms in Carthage, then fled when Rome demanded his head. He served Antiochus III of Syria, then King Prusias of Bithynia. When Roman envoys came for him, he said: "Let us free the Romans from their fear of an old man." He drank poison. He was 64.
前 149 Cato the Elder 於每次演說結尾必言「迦太基必須毀滅」，Rome 終以 Carthage 違約反 Numidia 為藉口宣戰。
After Cato the Elder ended every speech with 'Carthago delenda est', Rome declared war in 149 BC using Carthage's response to Numidia as pretext.
Scipio Aemilianus 攻陷迦太基，殺 15 萬人、賣 5 萬奴，城市夷平、土地撒鹽。同年羅馬亦摧毀希臘 Corinth。地中海西半完全納入羅馬版圖，成「羅馬內海」。
Scipio Aemilianus stormed Carthage, killing 150,000 and enslaving 50,000. The city was leveled and salt sown on the soil. The same year Rome destroyed Greek Corinth. The western Mediterranean was now Rome's 'mare nostrum.'