明治維新 Meiji Restoration
明治維新推行現代化改革，脫亞入歐，日本迅速崛起為亞洲強國。
Meiji Restoration modernizes Japan along Western lines, rapidly making Japan a major power.
大日本帝國 Empire of Japan
一個落後的島國在 80 年間躍升為亞洲霸主,直到原子彈讓它跌落谷底。明治到終戰,帝國的野心改寫了整個太平洋。
A backward island nation became Asia's master in 80 years, then fell to the atomic bomb. From Meiji to surrender, the empire's ambition remade the Pacific.
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1868 – 1887 · 4 條事件 1868 – 1887 · 4 events
岩倉使節團·22 月歐美考察 Iwakura Mission — 22-month tour of West
Iwakura Tomomi 率 50 名政府要員赴美歐 12 國 22 月，學習憲政、工業、教育、軍事，回國推動明治大改革。
Iwakura Tomomi led 50 officials to 12 Western countries for 22 months. Studied constitutions, industry, education.
牡丹社事件 Mudan Incident
日本藉琉球漂民事件出兵台灣，清朝開始重視台灣防務。
Japan sent troops to Taiwan over the Mudan incident. Qing began to prioritize Taiwan's defense.
西南戰爭·武士階級終結 Satsuma Rebellion — end of samurai class
Saigō Takamori 領 4 萬武士反 Meiji 中央，新政府徵兵新軍 7 個月平亂，Saigō 切腹，武士 700 年封建階級徹底瓦解。
Saigō Takamori led 40k samurai vs Meiji government. 7-month war crushed by conscript army. End of 700-year samurai class.
1887 – 1907 · 5 條事件 1887 – 1907 · 5 events
大日本帝國憲法·亞洲首部 Meiji Constitution — Asia's first
Itō Hirobumi 仿 Prussia 起草，2 月 11 日頒布。設帝國議會，但天皇主權至上。為亞洲首部憲法，啟發中國、朝鮮、土耳其。
Drafted by Itō Hirobumi modeled on Prussia. Imperial Diet under sovereign emperor. Inspired Asian constitutions.
甲午戰爭 First Sino-Japanese War
清朝敗給日本，割讓台灣，東亞格局劇變。
Qing lost to Japan, ceded Taiwan. Dramatically shifted East Asian power dynamics.
馬關條約·割讓臺灣 Treaty of Shimonoseki
甲午戰爭清朝戰敗，與日本簽訂馬關條約，將臺灣、澎湖割讓予日本，臺灣民主國短暫抵抗失敗。
China loses the First Sino-Japanese War and cedes Taiwan to Japan via the Treaty of Shimonoseki; the Taiwan Republic briefly resists.
日治時期 Japanese Rule
日本統治臺灣50年，推行現代化建設（鐵路、醫療、教育），也實施殖民壓迫與皇民化政策。
Japan rules Taiwan for 50 years, modernizing infrastructure (railways, medicine, education) while implementing colonial oppression and Japanization policies.
日俄戰爭·亞洲擊敗歐洲 Russo-Japanese War — Asia defeats Europe
日本爭奪滿洲、朝鮮利益，Tōgō 提督 1905 Tsushima 全殲俄艦隊，Mukden 陸戰勝。Portsmouth 條約獲遼東半島、南滿鐵路。
War over Manchuria/Korea. Admiral Tōgō annihilated Russian fleet at Tsushima 1905. Portsmouth Treaty: Liaodong, S. Manchuria.
1907 – 1927 · 6 條事件 1907 – 1927 · 6 events
縱貫鐵路全線通車 Western Trunk Line Completed
基隆至高雄縱貫鐵路全線通車，日治重大基礎建設。
Keelung-Kaohsiung trunk railway completed. Major Japanese-era infrastructure.
日本吞併朝鮮 Japan Annexes Korea
朝鮮淪為日本殖民地，直到1945年
Korea becomes a Japanese colony until 1945.
Meiji 天皇逝·明治時代終 Emperor Meiji dies — end of Meiji era
7 月 30 日逝世，44 年治世將日本從幕府封建轉為現代強權。將軍 Nogi Maresuke 殉死震驚世界，Taishō 即位。
Died July 30 after 44-year reign that transformed Japan from feudal shogunate to modern power. General Nogi committed seppuku.
大正民主·政黨內閣 14 年 Taishō Democracy — 14 years
Taishō 體弱，元老政治讓位政黨內閣，普選法 1925、男子普選、自由主義文化興。但軍部坐大為昭和軍國主義埋伏筆。
Weak Taishō Emperor; oligarchs ceded to party cabinets. 1925 universal male suffrage. Liberal culture; military rose.
台灣文化協會成立 Taiwan Cultural Association Founded
林獻堂等人成立，推動台灣人自覺運動。
Founded by Lin Xiantang and others to promote Taiwanese cultural awareness.
關東大地震·14 萬死 Great Kantō earthquake — 140k dead
9 月 1 日 7.9 級地震毀 Tokyo、Yokohama，火災延燒，死 14 萬。流言中朝鮮人縱火引發排韓暴動殺 6000 朝鮮人。
Sept 1 magnitude 7.9 quake devastated Tokyo/Yokohama. Fires killed 140k. False rumors led to massacre of 6000 Koreans.
1927 – 1947 · 17 條事件 1927 – 1947 · 17 events
台北帝國大學創校 Taihoku Imperial University Founded
台灣大學前身，日治時期最高學府。
Predecessor of National Taiwan University. The highest institution of learning during Japanese rule.
霧社事件 Wushe Incident
賽德克族首領莫那魯道率族人武裝抗日，是日治時期最大規模的原住民武裝起義。
Seediq chief Mona Rudao leads an armed uprising against Japanese rule, the largest indigenous resistance during Japanese occupation.
嘉南大圳完工 Jianan Irrigation System Completed
八田與一設計，東亞最大水利工程，嘉南平原成為穀倉。
Designed by Hatta Yoichi. Largest irrigation system in East Asia. Transformed Jianan Plain into a granary.
九一八事變·關東軍佔滿洲 Mukden Incident — Kwantung Army takes Manchuria
9 月 18 日關東軍自演 Mukden 鐵路爆破嫁禍中國，5 月內佔領東北全境。國聯譴責，日本退出國聯，邁向軍國主義。
Sept 18 Kwantung Army staged railway bombing pretext. Took all Manchuria in 5 months. Japan left League of Nations.
滿洲國·末代皇帝 Puyi 為傀儡 Manchukuo — Puyi as puppet
3 月 1 日日本立傀儡國 Manchukuo，請廢清末帝 Puyi 為「執政」(後皇帝)。日本拓殖滿洲，鋪向全面侵華。
March 1 Japan installed puppet state with last Qing emperor Puyi as "chief executive" (later emperor).
二二六事件·軍部極端派政變 February 26 Incident — military coup attempt
1400 名陸軍青年將校襲擊政府要員、刺殺前首相、財相、教育總監，Hirohito 親令鎮壓。皇道派敗，統制派掌軍部走向戰爭。
1,400 young army officers attacked officials, killed former PM and ministers. Hirohito ordered suppression. Tōsei-ha won.
皇民化運動 Kōminka Movement
日本推行同化政策，要求台灣人改日本姓名、參拜神社。
Japan enforced assimilation: Japanese names, Shinto worship, and Japanese-language-only policies.
中日戰爭（抗戰） Second Sino-Japanese War
中國抗日戰爭，二戰亞洲戰場的一部分。
China's war against Japan, part of WWII's Asian theater.
盧溝橋事變·中日全面開戰 Marco Polo Bridge Incident
7 月 7 日日軍藉演習失蹤為由砲擊宛平城，中日全面戰爭爆發，亞洲戰場遠早於歐洲開打。
On July 7, Japanese forces shelled Wanping using a missing-soldier pretext, triggering all-out war between China and Japan — beginning the Asian theatre of WWII years before Europe.
南京大屠殺 Nanjing Massacre
12 月日軍攻陷南京後，於六週內屠殺約 30 萬平民與戰俘，為 20 世紀最嚴重戰爭暴行之一。
After capturing Nanjing in December, Japanese forces massacred an estimated 300,000 civilians and POWs over six weeks — one of the worst atrocities of the 20th century.
珍珠港事變 Attack on Pearl Harbor
12 月 7 日日軍偷襲夏威夷珍珠港美軍基地，擊沉多艘戰艦，隔日美國對日宣戰，正式加入二戰。
On December 7, Japanese forces surprise-attacked the U.S. Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, sinking several battleships. The U.S. declared war the next day, formally entering WWII.
日本戰敗 Japan Defeated
日本在二戰中戰敗投降，隨後在美國協助下推行民主改革，創造經濟奇蹟。
Japan surrenders in WWII, then undergoes democratic reform under US guidance and achieves economic miracle.
東京大空襲·1 夜 10 萬死 Tokyo firebombing — 100k dead in one night
3 月 9-10 日 LeMay 將軍率 334 架 B-29 投燃燒彈，木造民房全焚，10 萬人死，比後來原子彈單次死傷更高，史上最致命空襲。
March 9-10: General LeMay's 334 B-29s dropped incendiaries on wooden Tokyo. 100k dead in one night.
長崎原爆·8 月 9 日 Nagasaki atomic bomb — Aug 9
8 月 9 日 11:02 投 Fat Man 鈽彈，7.4 萬死。同日蘇聯出兵滿洲。8 月 15 日 Hirohito 玉音放送降服。
Aug 9 11:02 AM: Fat Man plutonium bomb. 74k dead. Same day Soviet invasion of Manchuria. Aug 15 Hirohito surrender broadcast.
盟軍佔領·MacArthur 7 年改造 Occupation of Japan — MacArthur's 7 years
SCAP MacArthur 主導去軍國化、新憲法（第 9 條放棄戰爭權）、農地改革、財閥解體、女性參政。1952 San Francisco 條約結束佔領。
SCAP MacArthur led demilitarization, new constitution (Article 9), land reform, women's suffrage. SF Treaty ended occupation 1952.
廣島長崎原子彈 Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
8 月 6 日廣島、9 日長崎先後遭美軍投下原子彈，造成 20 多萬人死亡，是人類首次也是唯一一次戰爭中動用核武。
On August 6 and 9, U.S. forces dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, killing over 200,000 people. The first and only wartime use of nuclear weapons.
日本投降·密蘇里號受降 Japanese Surrender
8 月 15 日昭和天皇玉音放送宣布接受波茨坦宣言，9 月 2 日在東京灣密蘇里號戰艦簽署投降書，二戰正式結束。
On August 15, Emperor Hirohito announced acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration. On September 2, Japan signed the instrument of surrender aboard USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay, ending WWII.