百年戰爭 Hundred Years' War
英法兩國為爭奪法國王位爆發的長期戰爭，聖女貞德扭轉戰局，最終促成法國民族意識的覺醒。
A prolonged war for the French throne; Joan of Arc turns the tide; ultimately awakens French national identity.
相關主軸：Related axes:聖女貞德Joan of Arc
聖女貞德 Joan of Arc
洛林邊境的不識字農女，13 歲開始聽見聖米迦勒、聖瑪格麗特、聖凱瑟琳的聲音。17 歲穿男裝、騎馬穿越敵占區到 Chinon 求見查理七世，9 天內解奧爾良之圍、護送查理加冕。次年被勃艮第賣給英軍，19 歲在 Rouen 火刑柱燒死。25 年後天主教平反、500 年後封聖。
An illiterate peasant girl from the Lorraine borderlands. At 13 she began hearing Saint Michael, Saint Margaret, and Saint Catherine. At 17, dressed as a man, she rode through enemy territory to seek audience with the uncrowned Charles VII; in nine days she lifted the siege of Orléans and then escorted him to coronation at Reims. The next year, sold by the Burgundians to the English, she was burned at the stake in Rouen at 19. Rehabilitated by the Church 25 years later. Canonized 500 years later.
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1408 – 1422 · 4 條事件 1408 – 1422 · 4 events
出生 Domrémy 農家·百年戰爭中 Born in Domrémy — During the Hundred Years' War
出生於洛林邊境 Domrémy 村，父親 Jacques d'Arc 是農夫。當時百年戰爭 75 年、法國北半被英國與勃艮第占領、查理七世皇位未獲承認。少女時代從未受過正式教育，不識字。
Born in Domrémy, a village on the Lorraine border. Father Jacques d'Arc was a farmer. The Hundred Years' War was 75 years old; northern France was occupied by English and Burgundian forces; the Dauphin Charles VII's claim to the throne was uncrowned. She received no formal education and was illiterate.
聖女貞德一生 19 年·農女救法國 Joan of Arc · 19 Years
Domrémy 農家女兒，13 歲開始聽天使聲音，17 歲說服查理七世撥兵、解奧爾良之圍、戰勝英軍、護送加冕。次年被勃艮第俘虜賣給英軍，19 歲在 Rouen 火刑柱上燒死。25 年後天主教平反、500 年後封聖。
A peasant girl from Domrémy. At 13 began hearing angelic voices; at 17 convinced Charles VII to give her an army, lifted the siege of Orléans, won battles against the English, escorted Charles to coronation. Captured by Burgundians the next year, sold to the English, burned at the stake in Rouen at 19. Rehabilitated 25 years later, canonized 500 years later.
鄰村 Maxey 被 Burgundian 焚燒 Burgundians Burn the Neighboring Village of Maxey
6 歲 Joan 親見 Domrémy 隔壁村 Maxey 被勃艮第軍焚燒。Domrémy 是親 Armagnac (查理派) 的孤島，周圍全勃艮第領地。她從小在戰火與恐懼中長大，這成為日後「拯救法國」異象的真實基礎。
6-year-old Joan watched the village of Maxey, next door to Domrémy, burned by Burgundian troops. Domrémy was a pro-Armagnac (pro-Charles) island in Burgundian territory. She grew up surrounded by war and fear — the visceral background to her later visions of "saving France."
1422 – 1436 · 14 條事件 1422 – 1436 · 14 events
13 歲開始聽見天使聲音 At 13, Begins Hearing the Voices
自述 13 歲開始聽見聖米迦勒、聖瑪格麗特、聖凱瑟琳的聲音，命她「拯救法國」。一開始她抵抗、害怕，數年後相信並決定行動。
By her own account, at age 13 she began hearing the voices of Saint Michael, Saint Margaret, and Saint Catherine, telling her to save France. At first she resisted in fear; over several years she came to believe and act on them.
求 Vaucouleurs 城主給馬·首遭拒 Asks Captain Baudricourt for a Horse — First Rejected
16 歲首次到 Vaucouleurs 求城主 Robert de Baudricourt 給馬與護衛去 Chinon 見查理。Baudricourt 嗤之以鼻、命她父親「打一頓帶回去」。半年後 Joan 再來，預言一場法軍敗仗即將發生——預言應驗後 Baudricourt 才信、給她馬與 6 名騎兵。
At 16 she first approached the captain of Vaucouleurs, Robert de Baudricourt, asking for a horse and escort to reach Charles at Chinon. He scoffed, told her father to take her home and beat her. Six months later she returned, predicting an imminent French defeat — when it came true, Baudricourt finally believed, and gave her a horse and six men.
聖女貞德解奧爾良之圍 Joan of Arc Lifts Siege of Orléans
農家少女貞德宣稱得天啟,率法軍解奧爾良之圍,並護送查理七世在蘭斯加冕。1431 年被英軍俘虜以異端罪燒死,1920 年封聖。
Peasant girl Joan of Arc, claiming divine visions, lifted the siege of Orléans and escorted Charles VII to coronation at Reims. Captured by the English and burned as a heretic in 1431; canonized 1920.
Chinon 求見查理七世·認出偽裝太子 Audience at Chinon — Recognizes the Disguised Dauphin
17 歲穿男裝、剪短髮、騎馬 11 天 (穿越敵占區) 到達 Chinon 城堡。查理七世為試探她，混在貴族群中讓另一人冒充太子。貞德直接走向真太子下跪。她又「秘密告訴」查理一件只有他自己知道的事。從此查理相信她。
At 17, dressed as a man, with cropped hair, she rode 11 days through enemy territory to Chinon castle. To test her, Charles hid in the crowd while another nobleman impersonated him. Joan walked straight to the real Dauphin and knelt. She also "told him a secret" only he could know. From then on, he believed her.
查理為她造白甲·賜白旗 Charles Has White Armor Forged — Gives Her a White Banner
Chinon 通過神學審查後，查理七世下令在 Tours 為 Joan 量身打造一套白色全身板甲、賜白色旗幟 (繡天父、聖母、兩位天使)。她不要劍——說劍會自己出現。
After theological examination at Chinon, Charles VII ordered a full white plate armor made to her measure at Tours, and gave her a white banner embroidered with God the Father, the Virgin, and two angels. She refused a sword — saying one would come to her of its own.
Sainte-Catherine-de-Fierbois 神劍·埋祭壇後 The Sword of Saint Catherine of Fierbois — Buried Behind the Altar
Joan 自稱聖凱瑟琳告訴她：在 Sainte-Catherine-de-Fierbois 教堂祭壇後地下埋著一把古劍。她派人去找——果然挖出一把銹蝕老劍，五個十字架記號清晰可見。從未去過該地，無人能解她如何知曉。
Joan said Saint Catherine had told her: behind the altar of the church at Sainte-Catherine-de-Fierbois lay a buried ancient sword. She sent for it — diggers found a rusted blade with five crosses marked clearly on it. She had never been to the church. No one could explain how she knew.
解奧爾良之圍·9 天扭轉戰局 Siege of Orléans Lifted — 9 Days Turn the War
奧爾良被英軍圍 7 個月、城內絕望。貞德率 4000 援軍入城，9 天內連破 5 個英軍堡壘、解圍。法軍士氣大振、英軍開始全面撤退。法國史上稱「奧爾良奇蹟」。
Orléans had been under English siege for seven months, the city near collapse. Joan led 4,000 reinforcements in; in nine days she stormed five English forts and broke the siege. French morale soared, English forces began a general retreat. France called it the "Miracle of Orléans."
Patay 戰役·全殲英軍 Talbot 騎兵 Battle of Patay — Annihilates Talbot's Army
奧爾良後 6 週，Joan 力主追擊英軍。在 Patay 平原以法國重騎兵奇襲英國長弓手未架竹樁的瞬間，全殲英軍。英將 Talbot 被俘。Patay 的勝利被視為 Crécy / Agincourt 之恥的徹底洗雪。
Six weeks after Orléans, Joan pushed for pursuit. On the plain of Patay, she struck the English longbowmen at the instant they had not yet planted their stakes. French heavy cavalry annihilated them. The English commander Talbot was captured. Patay was seen as the complete reversal of Crécy and Agincourt.
護送查理七世到 Reims 加冕 Escorts Charles VII to Coronation at Reims
奧爾良後 2 個月內收復 Loire 一帶城鎮，於 Patay 全殲英軍。7 月 17 日護送查理七世到 Reims 大教堂加冕為法國國王。貞德手持白旗站在祭壇旁。法國有了合法國王、戰局逆轉。
In the two months after Orléans she recaptured Loire towns and crushed an English army at Patay. On July 17 she escorted Charles VII to Reims Cathedral, where he was crowned King of France. Joan stood by the altar holding her white banner. France now had a legitimate king; the war turned.
圍 Paris 失敗·腿中弩 Fails to Take Paris — Wounded by Crossbow
加冕後 Joan 主張立即進攻 Paris。9 月 8 日聖母升天日攻 Paris，但腿被弩箭射穿、士兵失去信心。查理七世下令撤兵——他正秘密與勃艮第和談，不希望再有戰功歸 Joan。從此她影響力下滑。
After the coronation, Joan urged immediate assault on Paris. On September 8 (Feast of the Nativity of Mary) she led the attack — and was struck through the thigh by a crossbow bolt. Morale broke. Charles VII ordered withdrawal — he was secretly negotiating with Burgundy and did not want her winning more battles. From then her influence waned.
Compiègne 被勃艮第俘虜·賣給英軍 Captured at Compiègne — Sold to the English
在 Compiègne 解圍戰中，貞德被勃艮第騎士拉下馬俘獲。查理七世未派人贖回 (政治上她已成負擔)。勃艮第以 1 萬金幣賣給英軍。
In a sortie at Compiègne, a Burgundian knight pulled her from her horse. Charles VII made no effort to ransom her — politically, she had become an embarrassment. The Burgundians sold her to the English for 10,000 livres.
Rouen 受教會審判·70 條罪名 Trial at Rouen — 70 Charges of Heresy
在英占 Rouen 接受教會法庭審判 4 個月，由親英主教 Cauchon 主持。審問記錄至今保存，貞德在 70 條罪名 (異端、巫術、穿男裝) 前以單純機智答辯，多次讓神學博士無言。最後因「穿男裝復發」被判死刑。
In English-occupied Rouen she stood trial for four months before an ecclesiastical court led by the pro-English Bishop Cauchon. Trial transcripts survive: Joan, illiterate, answered 70 charges (heresy, witchcraft, cross-dressing) with such plain wit that she repeatedly silenced theology doctors. She was condemned for "relapsing into men's clothing."
5 月 30 日 Rouen 火刑·19 歲殉道 May 30 — Burned at the Stake at 19
1431 年 5 月 30 日早晨，貞德在 Rouen 老市場被綁上火刑柱。她要求看十字架直到死亡。據傳呼喊「耶穌！」三次氣絕。骨灰被三度焚燒、撒入塞納河，避免成聖物。25 年後 (1456) 教會平反，1920 年正式封聖。
On the morning of May 30, 1431, Joan was tied to a stake in Rouen's old market. She asked to look at a crucifix until she died. Tradition says she cried "Jesus!" three times before her body went still. Her ashes were burned three times and thrown into the Seine to prevent relics. The Church rehabilitated her in 1456 and canonized her in 1920.
5/24 在墓地驚嚇·暫時放棄誓言 May 24 — Frightened at the Cemetery, Briefly Recants
5 月 24 日被帶到 Saint-Ouen 墓地火堆前審判。當場崩潰，簽署 (用 X 號因不識字) 一份放棄聲明，承認異端、答應穿女裝。判改為終身監禁。但 4 天後她又改穿男裝——Cauchon 宣布「復發」、判死刑。
On May 24 she was brought to the cemetery of Saint-Ouen with a pyre ready. Broken, she signed (with an X — she was illiterate) a recantation, admitting heresy, agreeing to wear women's clothes. Her sentence was commuted to perpetual imprisonment. But four days later she put men's clothing back on — Cauchon declared her "relapsed," sentence: death.
1450 – 1465 · 2 條事件 1450 – 1465 · 2 events
百年戰爭結束·卡斯蒂隆戰役 End of Hundred Years' War
法軍在卡斯蒂隆擊敗英軍,百年戰爭結束。英國失去除加萊外全部大陸領土。同年鄂圖曼攻陷君士坦丁堡,中世紀落幕。
French forces defeated the English at Castillon, ending the Hundred Years' War. England lost all continental territory except Calais. The same year, Constantinople fell — the Middle Ages ended.
500 年後封聖·法國第二主保聖人 Canonized 500 Years Later — Co-Patron Saint of France
1456 年教廷重審宣告原判無效。1909 年宣福、1920 年 5 月 16 日教宗 Benedict XV 正式封聖，與聖丹尼斯並列法國主保聖人。每年 5 月 30 日 (火刑日) 是法國的「Joan of Arc 紀念日」。
In 1456 the Church reviewed the trial and declared the verdict invalid. She was beatified in 1909, canonized by Pope Benedict XV on May 16, 1920, declared co-patron saint of France with Saint Denis. Every May 30 (the day of her burning) is now a national feast day in France.