瘟疫與流行病 Pandemics & Epidemics

雅典大瘟疫·Pericles 危機 Plague of Athens

公元前 430-426 斯巴達封城期間，瘟疫（可能為傷寒）殺死雅典 1/4 人口，Pericles 次年殉疫。

During Sparta's siege (430-426 BC), a plague (possibly typhus) killed a quarter of Athens's population; Pericles died of it in 429.

Pericles 死於瘟疫 Death of Pericles

前 429 年秋，雅典民主領袖 Pericles 染疫而亡，之後激進民主派 Cleon 崛起，戰略趨於冒險。

Pericles died of the plague in autumn 429 BC; the radical democrat Cleon rose, pushing riskier strategies.

Antonine Plague·天花入羅馬 Antonine Plague

165-180 年羅馬帝國爆發疑似天花 / 麻疹的大瘟疫，死 500 萬（含 Marcus Aurelius 本人），動搖帝國巔峰。

A suspected smallpox/measles plague hit the Roman Empire (165-180), killing ~5M including Marcus Aurelius—shaking the empire at its peak.

Plague of Justinian·鼠疫首次世界大流行 Plague of Justinian

541-549 年 Yersinia pestis 鼠疫首次大流行，拜占庭首當其衝，全歐死 2,500-5,000 萬；重創 Justinian 復興計畫。

The first Y. pestis pandemic (541-549) devastated Byzantium and Europe, killing 25-50M and crippling Justinian's reconquest.

哥倫布交換·新大陸疫病浩劫 Columbian Exchange · New World Epidemics

1492 後歐洲人帶天花、麻疹、流感入美洲，原住民無免疫力；一世紀內死亡 80-95%，最致命跨大陸疫病事件。

After 1492, Europeans brought smallpox, measles, and flu to the Americas, killing 80-95% of indigenous populations—the deadliest cross-continental epidemic.

莫斯科鼠疫 1770-72 Moscow Plague of 1771

1770-72 鼠疫襲莫斯科殺 10 萬（1/3 人口）；1771 暴動逼 Catherine 大帝改革公衛。

Plague struck Moscow in 1770-72, killing 100,000 (a third of the city); the 1771 plague riot forced Catherine the Great's public health reforms.

第一次霍亂大流行 First Cholera Pandemic

1817-24 霍亂首從孟加拉沿貿易路線擴至東亞、中東、俄羅斯；開啟 19 世紀 7 波霍亂大流行。

The first cholera pandemic (1817-24) spread from Bengal along trade routes to East Asia, the Middle East, and Russia—starting 19th-century cholera waves.

第三次霍亂·John Snow 發現水媒 Third Cholera Pandemic · John Snow

1852-60 霍亂全球死逾 100 萬，John Snow 1854 倫敦 Broad Street 疫調證實水媒傳播，近代流行病學起點。

The third cholera pandemic (1852-60) killed over a million; John Snow's 1854 Broad Street investigation proved waterborne transmission—birthing epidemiology.

俄羅斯流感 1889-90 1889 Russian Flu

1889-91 首個現代運輸時代全球流感大流行，從聖彼得堡沿鐵路擴至全球，殺 100 萬；可能是冠狀病毒。

The 1889-91 flu pandemic spread from St. Petersburg along railways—the first in the modern transport era; 1M dead. Possibly a coronavirus.

西班牙流感 Spanish Flu Pandemic

1918–1919 influenza pandemic kills 50–100 million people worldwide.

亞洲流感·H2N2 1957 Asian Flu (H2N2)

1957 H2N2 從貴州爆發擴至全球，殺 110 萬人；20 世紀第二大流感。

H2N2 emerged from Guizhou in 1957, spread globally, killed 1.1M—the 20th century's second-worst flu pandemic.

香港流感·H3N2 1968 Hong Kong Flu (H3N2)

1968 H3N2 香港爆發擴至全球，殺 100 萬；H3N2 株至今仍在季節性流感中循環。

H3N2 broke out in Hong Kong (1968), killed 1M globally; the H3N2 strain still circulates in seasonal flu.

WHO 宣布天花根除 Smallpox Declared Eradicated

1980/5/8 WHO 第 33 屆大會宣布天花根除（最後自然病例 1977 索馬利亞）；人類首次根除一個傳染病，疫苗接種勝利。

On May 8, 1980, the 33rd WHA declared smallpox eradicated (last natural case: Somalia 1977)—the first disease ever eliminated by humanity.

HIV/AIDS 首份 CDC 報告 HIV/AIDS Recognized

1981/6/5 CDC《MMWR》首載洛杉磯 5 例年輕男同志罕見肺孢子菌肺炎，開啟 HIV/AIDS 全球大流行認知。

On Jun 5, 1981, the CDC's MMWR reported 5 young gay men with rare PCP pneumonia in LA—the start of the HIV/AIDS pandemic's recognition.

H5N1 禽流感·人畜共通警訊 H5N1 Avian Flu Emerges

1997/5 香港首例 H5N1 人感染禽流感，撲殺 140 萬隻雞防堵；成後續流感監測核心。

The first human H5N1 bird flu case emerged in Hong Kong (May 1997); 1.4M chickens were culled, setting the pattern for future flu surveillance.

SARS·首個 21 世紀大流行 SARS Outbreak

2002/11 廣東首例 SARS-CoV 個案，2003 擴至 29 國造成 8,096 感染、774 死；促 WHO 改革全球公衛監控。

The first SARS-CoV case emerged in Guangdong (Nov 2002); spread to 29 countries by 2003 (8,096 cases, 774 deaths), triggering WHO reforms.

2009 H1N1·新型流感全球 2009 H1N1 Pandemic

2009/4 墨西哥爆 H1N1 豬流感，WHO 宣布全球大流行，感染 70 萬報告個案，死 15 萬-57 萬。

The 2009 H1N1 (swine flu) emerged in Mexico in April; WHO declared pandemic; 700k reported cases, 150-570k deaths.

MERS-CoV·中東呼吸症候群 MERS Outbreak

2012/9 沙烏地發現首例 MERS 冠狀病毒，2015 韓國大爆 186 例 36 死；致死率約 35% 遠高於 SARS。

MERS-CoV was first identified in Saudi Arabia (Sep 2012); a 2015 South Korean outbreak had 186 cases/36 deaths—mortality ~35%, far higher than SARS.

西非伊波拉大流行 West African Ebola Epidemic

2014-16 幾內亞、獅子山、賴比瑞亞伊波拉大爆發，2.85 萬感染、1.13 萬死，首次都市傳播；引發全球警戒。

The 2014-16 Ebola outbreak in Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia caused 28,500 cases and 11,300 deaths—the first urban Ebola spread, triggering global alarm.

茲卡病毒·小頭症警報 Zika Virus Epidemic

2015-16 茲卡經伊蚊在拉美爆發，孕婦感染致胎兒小頭症；WHO 宣布 PHEIC，影響 2016 里約奧運。

The 2015-16 Zika outbreak spread via Aedes mosquitoes in Latin America, causing microcephaly in infants; WHO declared PHEIC and it affected the Rio Olympics.

COVID-19 全球大流行 COVID-19 Pandemic

SARS-CoV-2 pandemic beginning in 2019 causes global health, economic, and social upheaval.

mRNA 新冠疫苗·生技平台革命 mRNA COVID Vaccines Approved

2020/12 Pfizer-BioNTech / Moderna mRNA 新冠疫苗獲緊急授權；首款 mRNA 疫苗平台開啟生技醫療新時代。

In Dec 2020, Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna's mRNA COVID vaccines received emergency authorization—the first mRNA platform, launching a new biotech era.