南亞歷史 South Asia History

英國東印度公司控制印度 British East India Company

British East India Company gradually takes control of India through trade and military power.

Prithvi Narayan 統一尼泊爾 Prithvi Narayan unifies Nepal

Gorkha 王 Prithvi Narayan Shah 25 年征服統一尼泊爾各小邦，立 Shah 王朝。後 Anglo-Nepalese 戰爭被英劃定現代邊界。

Gorkha King Prithvi Narayan Shah unified Nepal's principalities over 25 years; founded Shah dynasty. Later Anglo-Nepalese War established modern borders.

印度民族起義 Indian Rebellion

Indian Rebellion of 1857 against British rule leads to direct Crown governance.

新加坡淪陷 Fall of Singapore

英軍 8 萬人向日軍投降，邱吉爾稱為「英國軍史上最嚴重的災難」。新加坡被日軍占領三年半。

80,000 British Commonwealth troops surrendered to Japanese forces. Churchill called it 'the worst disaster in British military history.' Singapore was occupied by Japan for three and a half years.

印度獨立 Indian Independence

India gains independence from Britain in 1947, partitioned into India and Pakistan.

巴基斯坦立國·印巴分治 Pakistan independence; Partition

英印分治 8/14 巴基斯坦立國（Jinnah）、8/15 印度獨立（Nehru）。1500 萬遷徙、~100 萬死於宗教暴亂，史上最大規模人口遷移。

British India partition: Pakistan founded Aug 14 (Jinnah), India Aug 15 (Nehru). 15M migrated, ~1M died in sectarian violence — history's largest population transfer.

錫蘭獨立 Ceylon independence

2/4 從英國和平獨立改名 Ceylon。1972 改名斯里蘭卡為共和國。多數 Sinhalese 與少數 Tamil 之間矛盾後升級為內戰。

Feb 4 peaceful independence from Britain as Ceylon; renamed Sri Lanka as republic in 1972. Sinhalese majority vs Tamil minority tensions later escalated to civil war.

孟加拉語運動·2/21 Bengali Language Movement

巴政府強推烏爾都語為唯一官方語言，Dhaka 大學生抗議。2/21 警鎮壓殺 4 學生，引爆民族自覺，後成國際母語日。

Pakistan government imposed Urdu as sole official language; Dhaka students protested. Feb 21 police killed 4 students, ignited national consciousness; later International Mother Language Day.

Everest 登頂·Hillary + Tenzing Everest summit

5/29 紐西蘭蜜蜂養殖者 Edmund Hillary 與夏巴 Tenzing Norgay 首登 8849 m Everest 頂。世界登山史劃時代成就。

May 29: New Zealander beekeeper Edmund Hillary and Sherpa Tenzing Norgay first summited 8,849m Everest. Epochal achievement in mountaineering history.

東巴獨立成孟加拉 East Pakistan becomes Bangladesh

印度介入幫東巴 Bengali 獨立，12/16 巴軍向印投降。失東巴領土，60 萬巴軍中 9 萬被俘，國家分裂。

India intervened to support East Pakistan Bengali independence; Pakistan surrendered Dec 16. Lost East Pakistan; 90k of 600k troops captured; nation split.

孟加拉獨立·解放戰爭 Bangladesh Liberation War

東巴 Sheikh Mujibur Rahman 領 Awami League 大選獲勝，巴軍 3/25 鎮壓 (Bangabandhu 行動)。9 月戰爭印度介入，12/16 Bangladesh 立國。

East Pakistan's Sheikh Mujibur Rahman won election; Pakistan army cracked down March 25 (Operation Searchlight). India intervened in 9-month war; Bangladesh founded Dec 16.

泰米爾內戰·26 年 Tamil Civil War — 26 years

Tamil Tigers (LTTE) Velupillai Prabhakaran 領反政府武裝，發起世界最早自殺炸彈。26 年內戰致 10 萬死，2009 政府軍消滅 LTTE。

Tamil Tigers (LTTE) led by Velupillai Prabhakaran launched insurgency; pioneered modern suicide bombing. 26-year war killed 100k; government crushed LTTE in 2009.

Bhopal 毒氣洩漏·史上最嚴重工業災害 Bhopal Gas Disaster

1984/12/3 印度 Bhopal Union Carbide 農藥廠 MIC 毒氣外洩，1.5-2 萬死、逾 50 萬傷，跨國企業責任爭議至今。

On Dec 3, 1984, methyl isocyanate leaked from a Union Carbide plant in Bhopal, India: 15-20k dead, 500k+ injured—a landmark in corporate accountability.

回到民主·首位女總理 Return to democracy; first female PM

1990 獨裁者 Ershad 下台後 1991 大選 Khaleda Zia 任總理，南亞首位女總理。後 30+ 年 Khaleda vs Sheikh Hasina (Mujibur 之女) 政治鬥爭。

After 1990 dictator Ershad fell, 1991 election: Khaleda Zia became PM, South Asia's first female PM. 30+ years of Khaleda vs Sheikh Hasina (Mujibur's daughter) rivalry.

尼泊爾內戰·毛派起義 Nepalese Civil War (Maoist)

Maoist 共產黨 (CPN-M) 領 Prachanda 反君主制武裝鬥爭。10 年內戰 1.7 萬死，2006 簽和約終戰，Maoist 加入民主政治。

Maoist CPN-M led by Prachanda waged insurgency against monarchy. 10-year war killed 17k; 2006 peace deal ended fighting; Maoists entered democratic politics.

巴基斯坦核武試爆 Pakistan nuclear tests

5/28 與 30 連 6 次核試（回應印度 5/11 的 5 次試爆）。穆斯林世界首個核武國家，南亞核軍備競賽起。

May 28 and 30: 6 nuclear tests (responding to India's 5 tests May 11). First Muslim-world nuclear state; ignited South Asia arms race.

南亞海嘯·斯里蘭卡 3.5 萬死 Indian Ocean tsunami

印度洋 9.1 級地震引大海嘯橫掃斯里蘭卡海岸，3.5 萬死、50 萬流離。觸發 LTTE 與政府臨時停火合作賑災。

Magnitude 9.1 Indian Ocean quake's mega-tsunami swept Sri Lankan coast; 35k dead, 500k displaced. Briefly led to LTTE-government cooperation in relief.

印度洋大海嘯·23 萬死 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami

2004/12/26 蘇門答臘外海 9.1 級地震引發橫越印度洋的海嘯，14 國逾 23 萬死；世界最致命海嘯，國際人道援助空前。

On Dec 26, 2004, a M9.1 quake off Sumatra triggered a trans-Indian Ocean tsunami; 230,000+ died across 14 countries—the deadliest tsunami in history.

尼泊爾廢君主立共和 Nepal abolishes monarchy

5/28 制憲會議廢君主制，Gyanendra 為末代王。Hindu 王國身份終結，世界最後 Hindu 君主國。Maoist 黨領 Prachanda 任首位總理。

May 28 Constituent Assembly abolished monarchy; Gyanendra last king. End of last Hindu monarchy in world; Maoist leader Prachanda became first PM.

Bin Laden 在 Abbottabad 被擊斃 Bin Laden killed in Abbottabad

5/2 美海豹突擊隊夜襲 Abbottabad 一棟住宅，擊斃 Osama bin Laden（藏匿 5 年），未通知巴基斯坦。引發美巴關係嚴重衝擊。

May 2 US Navy SEALs night raid on Abbottabad compound killed Osama bin Laden (hiding 5 years); Pakistan not informed. Severely damaged US-Pakistan relations.

Rana Plaza 倒塌·1100 死 Rana Plaza collapse

Dhaka 郊區 Rana Plaza 8 層成衣工廠倒塌，1134 工人死、2500 傷。揭露全球速食時尚血汗工廠真相，引國際追究品牌責任。

8-floor Rana Plaza garment factory near Dhaka collapsed; 1,134 workers dead, 2,500 injured. Exposed fast-fashion sweatshop truths; pushed international brand accountability.

經濟崩潰·政府倒 Economic collapse; govt fall

外債違約 + 物價飆升 + 食物燃料短缺，民眾 7/9 攻入總統府。Gotabaya Rajapaksa 流亡，弟 Mahinda 也下台。家族統治崩潰。

Foreign debt default + price surge + food/fuel shortages; protesters stormed presidential palace July 9. Gotabaya Rajapaksa fled; brother Mahinda also fell. Family rule collapsed.