教宗一聲令下，歐洲貴族扶老攜幼奔向聖地。兩百年的廝殺後，十字軍一無所有，伊斯蘭世界反而更強大了。
A pope's call sent European nobles and peasants flooding toward the Holy Land. Two centuries of slaughter later, the Crusaders had nothing to show for it—and Islam emerged stronger.
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1096/4 隱士 Peter 率 4 萬農民朝聖東進，途中屠殺 Rhineland 猶太社區；10 月在 Civetot 被塞爾柱軍全殲。
From April 1096, Peter the Hermit led 40,000 peasants east, massacring Rhineland Jews along the way; annihilated by Seljuks at Civetot in October.
1097/10-1098/6 十字軍圍 Antioch 8 個月，守軍反圍攻再以「Holy Lance」精神勝，開路入敘利亞。
From Oct 1097 to Jun 1098, the Crusaders besieged Antioch for 8 months; they were then besieged themselves until an inspired sally behind the 'Holy Lance' broke through.
第一次十字軍攻陷耶路撒冷後，對城內穆斯林和猶太居民進行大屠殺，此事件在伊斯蘭世界留下深刻創傷，成為後來聖戰思想的重要來源。
After capturing Jerusalem, the First Crusaders massacred Muslim and Jewish inhabitants — an event that left deep trauma in the Islamic world and became a major source of jihadist ideology.
1099/6/7-7/15 十字軍圍 Jerusalem 5 週，缺水情況下建攻城塔登城，7/15 破門；屠城次日。
From Jun 7 to Jul 15, 1099, Crusaders besieged Jerusalem for 5 weeks, built siege towers despite water shortage, and breached on Jul 15; massacre followed.
1099/7/15 十字軍破耶路撒冷城牆，屠穆斯林與猶太居民數千人；建 Kingdom of Jerusalem。
On Jul 15, 1099, Crusaders breached Jerusalem's walls and massacred thousands of Muslims and Jews; the Kingdom of Jerusalem was established.
1099-1291 十字軍在黎凡特建 4 國：Jerusalem、Antioch、Edessa、Tripoli；存續 192 年直至 Acre 陷落。
From 1099 to 1291, Crusaders ruled 4 states in the Levant: Jerusalem, Antioch, Edessa, Tripoli—lasting 192 years until Acre fell.
1119 Hugh de Payens 在 Jerusalem 創立聖殿騎士團保護朝聖者，成為中世紀最富軍事修道會。
In 1119, Hugh de Payens founded the Knights Templar in Jerusalem to protect pilgrims—later the wealthiest medieval military order.
1144/12/24 Zengi 攻破十字軍 Edessa 伯國，為十字軍 45 年內首個失國，觸發第二次十字軍。
On Dec 24, 1144, Zengi captured the Crusader County of Edessa—the first Crusader state to fall, sparking the Second Crusade.
1147 Bernard of Clairvaux 鼓吹下，法王 Louis VII + 德王 Conrad III 率軍東征，失敗於 Damascus。
In 1147, Bernard of Clairvaux inspired French King Louis VII and German King Conrad III to lead the Second Crusade—which failed at Damascus.
1148/7/24-28 第二次十字軍圍 Damascus 僅 4 日即撤退，Louis VII + Conrad III 無功而返，慘敗告終。
From Jul 24-28, 1148, the Second Crusade besieged Damascus only 4 days before retreating; Louis VII and Conrad III returned empty-handed.
庫德族將領薩拉丁統一伊斯蘭世界，從十字軍手中收復耶路撒冷，成為伊斯蘭世界的英雄人物。
Kurdish leader Saladin unifies the Islamic world and recaptures Jerusalem from the Crusaders — a hero of the Islamic world.
1187/7/4 Saladin 在 Horns of Hattin 利用渴水戰術殲十字軍主力，俘 Guy 王，True Cross 遺失。
On Jul 4, 1187, Saladin annihilated the Crusader army at the Horns of Hattin using dehydration tactics; King Guy was captured and the True Cross lost.
1187/10/2 Hattin 後 3 個月，Saladin 圍耶路撒冷，Balian 談判後和平交城，禁止屠殺，對比 1099 形成鮮明。
On Oct 2, 1187, Saladin took Jerusalem after negotiating with Balian; no massacre—a sharp contrast to 1099.
1189 Barbarossa（1190 溺死）、Philip II、Richard I 同時東征；Richard 奪 Acre 但未取耶路撒冷，談和撤退。
In 1189, Barbarossa (drowned 1190), Philip II, and Richard I led the Kings' Crusade; Richard retook Acre but failed at Jerusalem, ending in truce.
原本前往聖地的十字軍轉而攻打基督教城市君士坦丁堡，大肆劫掠，建立拉丁帝國。此事件嚴重削弱拜占庭，埋下1453年鄂圖曼滅拜占庭的遠因。
Crusaders meant for the Holy Land sacked the Christian city of Constantinople, establishing the Latin Empire. This fatally weakened Byzantium, contributing to the Ottoman conquest in 1453.
1204/4/12 威尼斯操縱下第四次十字軍改道攻拜占庭首都，洗劫 3 日，建 Latin Empire；東正教與天主教裂痕加深。
On Apr 12, 1204, the Fourth Crusade (diverted by Venice) sacked Byzantine Constantinople for 3 days and set up the Latin Empire—widening the East-West schism.
1204-1261 第四次十字軍建拉丁帝國取代拜占庭，存續 57 年；Michael VIII 於 1261 光復 Constantinople。
From 1204-1261, the Fourth Crusade's Latin Empire replaced Byzantium for 57 years; Michael VIII retook Constantinople in 1261.
1219/11/5 第五次十字軍圍 18 個月後奪埃及 Damietta；教廷拒 Sultan al-Kamil 交還耶路撒冷的和約，軍隊 1221 撤退。
On Nov 5, 1219, the Fifth Crusade took Damietta after 18 months; the papal legate rejected Sultan al-Kamil's offer of Jerusalem; forces retreated in 1221.
神聖羅馬帝國皇帝腓特烈二世透過外交談判而非武力，從阿尤布蘇丹手中取得耶路撒冷控制權，是中世紀罕見的宗教和解案例，卻被教皇譴責。
Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II obtained Jerusalem through diplomacy rather than force — a rare medieval case of religious reconciliation, yet condemned by the Pope.
1229/2/18 神聖羅馬皇帝 Frederick II 與 Ayyubid Sultan al-Kamil 簽 Jaffa 條約，和平收復耶路撒冷 15 年。
On Feb 18, 1229, Emperor Frederick II negotiated the Treaty of Jaffa with Sultan al-Kamil, peacefully recovering Jerusalem for 15 years.
1244/7/11 逃難的 Khwarezm 突厥人在 Mamluk 協助下攻陷耶路撒冷，大屠城；基督教再未真正統治聖城。
On Jul 11, 1244, displaced Khwarezmian Turks (with Mamluk aid) sacked Jerusalem and massacred its residents—Christians never truly ruled it again.
1248 法王 Louis IX 率軍遠征埃及，1249 奪 Damietta 但 1250 在 Fariskur 戰敗被俘，贖金 40 萬 livres。
In 1248, French King Louis IX led the Seventh Crusade to Egypt; he took Damietta (1249) but was defeated and captured at Fariskur (1250), ransomed for 400,000 livres.
1249/6/6 Louis IX 率法軍登陸埃及，輕取 Damietta；次年兵敗 Fariskur 被俘，贖金震驚法國財政。
On Jun 6, 1249, Louis IX's French forces landed in Egypt and easily took Damietta; they were defeated at Fariskur the next year.
1250/4/6 Louis IX 率軍在 Fariskur 被 Mamluk 軍大敗並俘虜，贖金高達法國年收入 1/3。
On Apr 6, 1250, Louis IX was defeated and captured by Mamluks at Fariskur; his ransom equaled one-third of France's annual revenue.
1268/5/19 Mamluk Sultan Baibars 攻破 Antioch 城，屠城，建 170 年的 Antioch 公國覆滅。
On May 19, 1268, Mamluk Sultan Baibars stormed Antioch and massacred its population—ending the 170-year-old Principality of Antioch.
1270/8/25 Louis IX 率第八次十字軍登陸突尼斯，染瘟疫病死於營中，十字軍隨之撤退。
On Aug 25, 1270, Louis IX died of dysentery in his camp at Tunis during the Eighth Crusade; the army withdrew.
1271 英格蘭王子 Edward（後 Edward I）率小軍抵 Acre 短暫防禦，1272 父死歸國繼位；公認最後一次東方十字軍。
In 1271, English Prince Edward (later Edward I) led a small force to defend Acre; he returned in 1272 to take the throne. Considered the last major Levantine crusade.
1289/4/27 Mamluk Sultan Qalawun 攻破 Tripoli 伯國首府，為 Acre 陷前倒數第二個 Outremer 據點。
On Apr 27, 1289, Mamluk Sultan Qalawun captured Tripoli, the County's capital—the second-to-last Outremer stronghold before Acre.