UN 安理會 83 號決議 UN Security Council Resolution 83
蘇聯代表因中華民國席次問題杯葛聯合國，安理會在其缺席下通過 83 號決議，授權會員國支援南韓。
With the USSR boycotting over China's UN seat, the Security Council passed Resolution 83 authorizing military aid to South Korea.
韓戰 Korean War
三年內,韓半島從分裂到更深的分裂。MacArthur 的大迂迴遇上中國的寒冬,美國夢碎在長津湖。
Three years that deepened a peninsula's divide. MacArthur's audacious landing met China's winter offensive, and American dominance froze at Chosin.
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戰前序曲 · 5 條事件 Prelude · 5 events
韓戰爆發·美軍介入 Korean War Begins
6 月 25 日北韓金日成軍越 38 度線入侵南韓。UN 安理會(蘇聯缺席)授權美主導聯合國軍反攻。9 月 MacArthur 仁川登陸反推。11 月中國志願軍參戰。1953 年 7 月停戰，38 度線回歸。美軍死 3.7 萬人。是冷戰首場熱戰、亞洲代理戰模板。南北分裂至今。
On June 25, North Korea's Kim Il-sung crossed the 38th parallel invading the South. UN Security Council (Soviet boycott) authorized US-led UN forces. In September, MacArthur's Inchon landing turned the tide. In November, Chinese 'volunteers' entered the war. July 1953 armistice restored the 38th parallel. 37,000 US deaths. The first hot Cold War; model for Asian proxy wars. North-South division persists.
Osan·Task Force Smith 首戰 Battle of Osan — Task Force Smith
1950/7/5 美軍 Task Force Smith 在烏山首戰北韓 T-34 戰車，400 人部隊傷亡過半。
On Jul 5, 1950, the hastily deployed 'Task Force Smith' met North Korean T-34s at Osan—half of the ~400 men were casualties.
釜山防線 Pusan Perimeter
1950/8-9 UN 軍退守釜山周邊 230 公里防線苦撐 50 餘日，為仁川登陸爭取時間。
UN forces held a 230 km defensive perimeter around Pusan for ~50 days (Aug-Sep 1950), buying time for the Inchon landing.
仁川登陸·MacArthur 翻盤 Inchon Landing
1950/9/15 MacArthur 策劃仁川兩棲登陸，切斷北韓軍後勤，9 月底收復漢城，扭轉戰局。
MacArthur's amphibious landing at Inchon (Sep 15, 1950) cut North Korean supply lines and reversed the war.
開戰 · 4 條事件 Outbreak · 4 events
中國人民志願軍入朝 Chinese People's Volunteer Army Enters Korea
1950/10/19 彭德懷率 30 萬中國人民志願軍跨鴨綠江入朝，扭轉戰局，將 UN 軍推回 38 線以南。
Peng Dehuai led ~300,000 Chinese 'volunteers' across the Yalu on Oct 19, 1950, reversing UN gains and pushing UN forces south.
長津湖戰役·UN 軍撤退 Battle of Chosin Reservoir
1950/11-12 零下 30 度嚴寒中，美國海軍陸戰隊第 1 師在長津湖被中國第 9 兵團圍困，突圍撤至興南港。
In sub-zero cold (Nov-Dec 1950), US 1st Marine Division broke out of Chinese encirclement at Chosin Reservoir to the port of Hungnam.
共軍佔首爾·第三次漢城攻防 Third Battle of Seoul
1951/1/4 中朝聯軍第三次攻下漢城，UN 軍退往南方；3 月 UN 軍反攻再奪。
On Jan 4, 1951, Chinese/North Korean forces captured Seoul for the third time; UN forces retook it in March.
MacArthur 被 Truman 撤職 Truman Relieves MacArthur
MacArthur 公開主張對中國用核武、擴大戰爭，Truman 1951/4/11 以「違抗總統意旨」撤職。
After MacArthur publicly advocated escalating war with China (including nuclear use), Truman relieved him on Apr 11, 1951.
全面爆發 · 1 條事件 Escalation · 1 events
開城停戰談判開啟 Kaesong Armistice Talks Begin
1951/7/10 雙方在開城首次坐下談，其後談判拖 2 年、戰爭以陣地戰消耗至 1953。
Armistice talks began at Kaesong on Jul 10, 1951—negotiations dragged for two years while the front stalemated.