普魯士國王腓特烈賭上全國,對法奧俄同時宣戰。七年後,他活著回來了,歐洲的權力版圖也徹底改變。
Frederick of Prussia gambled the state itself, fighting France, Austria, and Russia all at once. Seven years later he survived, and Europe's power map was redrawn forever.
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1756-1763 年腓特烈大帝先發制人進攻薩克森，對抗奧地利、法國、俄國、瑞典包圍。瀕臨崩潰時俄國新沙皇彼得三世「布蘭登堡奇蹟」退兵，普魯士保住西里西亞且國際地位大升。
From 1756-1763 Frederick launched a preemptive strike on Saxony, facing Austria, France, Russia, and Sweden. On the brink of collapse, Russia's new Tsar Peter III withdrew — the 'Miracle of Brandenburg' — and Prussia kept Silesia while gaining European stature.
1756/5 Kaunitz 主導奧地利 Maria Theresa 與世仇法國 Louis XV 結盟，對抗新結盟的英普；翻轉百年歐洲陣營。
In May 1756, Kaunitz orchestrated an Austro-French alliance (vs traditional rivalries) against the new Anglo-Prussian pact—reversing a century of alignments.
1756/5/17 英國正式對法宣戰，起因於北美俄亥俄河谷衝突與歐陸聯盟重組，七年戰爭開啟。
On May 17, 1756, Britain formally declared war on France over Ohio Valley clashes and reshuffled European alliances—beginning the Seven Years' War.
1756/8/29 Frederick II 不宣而戰侵薩克森，搶先攻擊奧法俄聯盟，開啟歐陸戰場。
On Aug 29, 1756, Frederick II invaded Saxony without declaration, pre-empting the Austro-French-Russian alliance and opening the Continental war.
1756/10/1 Frederick 在 Lobositz 勝奧軍，使薩克森軍 17,000 人被迫投降，歐陸戰場首戰勝。
On Oct 1, 1756, Frederick defeated Austria at Lobositz, forcing 17,000 Saxon troops to surrender—the first battle of the Continental war.
1757/6/18 奧地利 Daun 在 Kolín 擊敗 Frederick，為普軍首次重大敗仗，迫退出 Bohemia。
On Jun 18, 1757, Austrian Daun defeated Frederick at Kolín—Prussia's first major defeat—forcing withdrawal from Bohemia.
1757/6/23 Robert Clive 以 3 千英軍+印度兵擊敗孟加拉 Siraj ud-Daulah 5 萬聯軍，奠定英國在印度霸權。
On Jun 23, 1757, Robert Clive with 3,000 men defeated Bengal's Siraj ud-Daulah and 50,000 allies at Plassey—founding British India.
1757/11/5 Frederick 以 2.2 萬兵在 Rossbach 僅 1.5 小時擊潰 4.2 萬法奧聯軍，機動作戰典範。
On Nov 5, 1757, Frederick with 22,000 crushed 42,000 Franco-Imperial forces at Rossbach in 1.5 hours—a classic of maneuver warfare.
1757/12/5 Frederick 以斜線戰術（oblique order）在 Leuthen 大勝奧軍；Napoleon 譽為「戰術經典」。
On Dec 5, 1757, Frederick used the 'oblique order' to crush the Austrians at Leuthen; Napoleon called it a tactical masterpiece.
1758/6-7 Amherst 率英軍 4 萬圍法屬 Cape Breton 的 Louisbourg 堡 7 週破城，開路攻 Quebec。
From Jun-Jul 1758, Amherst's 40,000 British troops besieged and took French Louisbourg on Cape Breton, opening the way to Quebec.
1758/8/25 Frederick 與俄軍 Fermor 在 Zorndorf 互相重創，雙方合計 3 萬傷亡，戰術無決定性結果。
On Aug 25, 1758, Frederick and Russian Fermor mauled each other at Zorndorf; 30,000 total casualties, no decisive result.
1759 英國一年連勝：Minden（8）、Lagos（8）、Quebec（9）、Quiberon Bay（11），奠大英帝國全球霸權。
1759 saw Britain win at Minden (Aug), Lagos (Aug), Quebec (Sep), and Quiberon Bay (Nov)—securing global British supremacy.
1759/6-9 Wolfe 率英軍封鎖 Quebec 3 個月，9/13 登峭壁決戰 Plains of Abraham 後 5 日 Quebec 投降。
From Jun-Sep 1759, Wolfe besieged Quebec for 3 months; 5 days after the Plains of Abraham victory (Sep 13), Quebec surrendered.
1759/8/12 俄奧聯軍在 Kunersdorf 大敗 Frederick，他親率衝鋒險死，絕望寫信欲自殺；普魯士瀕覆。
On Aug 12, 1759, Russo-Austrian forces crushed Frederick at Kunersdorf; he personally led cavalry charges and despairingly considered suicide.
1759/9/13 Wolfe 將軍夜攀 Quebec 峭壁，在 Plains of Abraham 擊敗 Montcalm，雙方將領皆陣亡；新法蘭西覆滅。
On Sep 13, 1759, Wolfe's British scaled the Quebec cliffs and defeated Montcalm on the Plains of Abraham; both generals died—New France fell.
1760-1762 普奧在 Silesia 與薩克森反覆拉鋸，Frederick 以少對多勉強守住東德領土。
From 1760-1762, Prussia and Austria traded blows in Silesia and Saxony; Frederick held eastern territories against overwhelming odds.
1760/9/8 Vaudreuil 總督向 Amherst 投降 Montreal，法屬北美全境結束；加拿大落入英國。
On Sep 8, 1760, Governor Vaudreuil surrendered Montreal to Amherst, ending French North America; Canada passed to Britain.
1762/1/5 俄皇 Elizabeth 死，Peter III 繼位，因崇拜 Frederick II 立即停戰退盟，救 Prussia 於覆亡邊緣。
On Jan 5, 1762, Empress Elizabeth died; new tsar Peter III, a Frederick II fanboy, immediately withdrew Russia from the war, saving Prussia.
1762/7/21 Frederick 在 Burkersdorf 小勝奧軍，鞏固 Silesia；俄國退盟後普軍得以集中兵力。
On Jul 21, 1762, Frederick's small victory at Burkersdorf consolidated Silesia after Russia's exit from the war.
1762/8/14 英軍破 Havana 要塞，奪西班牙加勒比重鎮，和約時換回 Florida。
On Aug 14, 1762, British forces captured Havana from Spain; Britain later exchanged it for Florida in the peace treaty.
1762/10/5 英軍奪菲律賓 Manila，短暫佔領約 20 個月，和約交還西班牙。
On Oct 5, 1762, British forces captured Manila; they held it for ~20 months before returning it to Spain at the peace.
七年戰爭結束,法國在巴黎條約中把加拿大、密西西比河東岸割讓給英國。法屬北美殖民帝國瓦解,英國成為海上霸權。
The Seven Years' War ended. France ceded Canada and territory east of the Mississippi to Britain in the Treaty of Paris. The French North American empire collapsed; Britain became the dominant sea power.