三十年戰爭 Thirty Years' War
歐洲最慘烈的宗教戰爭，造成中歐人口銳減三分之一，威斯特伐利亞和約確立現代主權國家體系。
Europe's most devastating religious war; Central Europe loses a third of its population; the Peace of Westphalia establishes the modern sovereign state system.
三十年戰爭 Thirty Years' War
一扇窗戶被砸碎,三十年的歐洲陷入火海。從布拉格到西班牙,宗教戰爭最後演變成權力爭奪,留下百萬具屍體和一張新地圖。
A window shattered in Prague; Europe burned for thirty years. From religious schism to ruthless power, the continent remade itself in blood and ashes.
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戰前序曲 · 7 條事件 Prelude · 7 events
波希米亞起義 Bohemian Revolt
1618-1620 波希米亞新教貴族廢 Ferdinand II、選 Frederick V 為王，直到 White Mountain 慘敗。
Bohemian Protestants deposed Ferdinand II and elected Frederick V (1618-1620) until the disaster at White Mountain.
布拉格擲窗事件·戰爭起因 Defenestration of Prague
1618/5/23 波希米亞新教徒貴族將三名皇帝代表扔出布拉格城堡窗外，引爆三十年戰爭。
On May 23, 1618, Bohemian Protestant nobles threw three imperial officials from a Prague Castle window—sparking the Thirty Years War.
Frederick V 當選冬王 Frederick V Elected 'Winter King'
1619/8/26 波希米亞議會廢 Ferdinand 選 Palatinate 的 Frederick V 為王；僅在位一冬即敗故稱「冬王」。
On Aug 26, 1619, the Bohemian Diet elected Frederick V of the Palatinate; his reign lasted only one winter—hence 'Winter King'.
白山戰役·波希米亞覆滅 Battle of White Mountain
1620/11/8 帝國+天主教聯盟軍在布拉格城外 White Mountain 僅 2 小時擊敗 Frederick V 新教軍，波希米亞戰役結束。
On Nov 8, 1620, Imperial/Catholic forces crushed Frederick V's Protestants in 2 hours at White Mountain outside Prague.
Mansfeld 雇傭軍游兵戰 Mansfeld's Mercenary Campaigns
1621-1626 Ernst von Mansfeld 率新教雇傭軍在 Rhineland 與 Netherlands 邊境游擊，無固定主君。
From 1621, Ernst von Mansfeld led Protestant mercenaries across the Rhineland and Netherlands with no fixed master.
丹麥入戰·新教捍衛者 Denmark Enters the War
1625 春丹麥 Christian IV 率新教軍南下德意志北部，替新教挽回局面；4 年後大敗退出。
In spring 1625, Denmark's Christian IV entered the war to defend Protestants in northern Germany; he was routed within 4 years.
開戰 · 6 條事件 Outbreak · 6 events
Lutter·丹麥 Christian IV 慘敗 Battle of Lutter
1626/8/27 帝國元帥 Tilly 在 Lutter 擊敗丹麥 Christian IV，迫其退守北方；1629 退出戰爭。
On Aug 27, 1626, Imperial marshal Tilly crushed Denmark's Christian IV at Lutter, forcing him to retreat north; Denmark left the war in 1629.
Restitution 敕令·激化衝突 Edict of Restitution
1629/3/6 Ferdinand II 命所有 1552 後新教取得的教會財產歸還天主教，激化新教反彈，吸引瑞典介入。
On Mar 6, 1629, Ferdinand II ordered all church property acquired by Protestants since 1552 returned—radicalizing the Protestants and drawing Sweden in.
Gustavus Adolphus 登陸波美拉尼亞 Gustavus Adolphus Lands in Pomerania
1630/7/6 瑞典王 Gustavus Adolphus 在法國財援下登陸波美拉尼亞，轉戰局為新教優勢。
On Jul 6, 1630, Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus landed in Pomerania with French funding, reversing the war's momentum for Protestants.
Magdeburg 屠城·3 萬人死 Sack of Magdeburg
1631/5/20 Tilly 率帝國軍攻破 Magdeburg 新教大城，3 萬居民被屠殺、城焚；為戰爭最惡名昭彰的暴行。
On May 20, 1631, Tilly's forces sacked Magdeburg; 30,000 civilians were slaughtered and the city burned—the war's most infamous atrocity.
Breitenfeld·瑞典首勝 Tilly Battle of Breitenfeld
1631/9/17 Gustavus Adolphus 以線形戰術大勝 Tilly 元帥的帝國軍，扭轉戰局，新教轉守為攻。
On Sep 17, 1631, Gustavus Adolphus used linear tactics to crush Tilly's Imperial army at Breitenfeld—the Protestant turning point.
Lützen·Gustavus 戰死 Battle of Lützen
1632/11/16 Gustavus Adolphus 在 Lützen 霧中衝鋒陷入敵陣戰死，雖瑞典取勝但失去關鍵領袖。
On Nov 16, 1632, Gustavus Adolphus died charging through fog at Lützen; Sweden won the field but lost its irreplaceable king.
全面爆發 · 6 條事件 Escalation · 6 events
Wallenstein 遇刺 Assassination of Wallenstein
1634/2/25 帝國總司令 Wallenstein 因疑叛變被 Ferdinand II 派部下刺殺於 Cheb，結束其影響。
On Feb 25, 1634, Imperial generalissimo Wallenstein was assassinated at Cheb on Ferdinand II's orders over suspicions of treason.
Nördlingen·帝國軍大勝瑞典 Battle of Nördlingen
1634/9/6 西班牙+帝國聯軍在 Nördlingen 大勝瑞典-德意志聯軍，瑞典南德勢力瓦解，促法國翌年介入。
On Sep 6, 1634, Spanish/Imperial forces crushed Swedish/German allies at Nördlingen, collapsing Sweden's south German position—and bringing France in.
法國參戰·戰爭非宗教化 France Enters the War
1635/5/19 Richelieu 主導天主教法國對天主教西班牙/帝國宣戰，戰爭從宗教衝突轉為歐洲霸權爭奪。
On May 19, 1635, Catholic France (under Richelieu) declared war on Catholic Spain/Empire—the war became a contest for European supremacy.
Prague 和約·帝國統一嘗試 Peace of Prague
1635/5/30 Ferdinand II 與薩克森等帝國諸侯簽和，取消 Restitution 敕令，多數新教諸侯歸服；法國次日參戰破局。
On May 30, 1635, Ferdinand II made peace with Saxony et al., suspending the Edict of Restitution; France's entry days later broke the deal.
Corbie 危機·西軍兵臨巴黎 Corbie Campaign
1636/8 西班牙-帝國聯軍突襲法國北部奪 Corbie，兵臨巴黎 50 公里；Richelieu 動員守城，翌月反攻收復。
In August 1636, Spanish/Imperial forces captured Corbie, threatening Paris from 50 km; Richelieu mobilized defense and recaptured it weeks later.
Ferdinand III 繼位 Ferdinand III Becomes Emperor
1637/2/15 Ferdinand II 病逝，子 Ferdinand III 繼位；較務實，為 Westphalia 談判鋪路。
Ferdinand II died Feb 15, 1637; his pragmatic son Ferdinand III succeeded him, eventually opening the door to the Westphalian negotiations.
終戰 · 6 條事件 Endgame · 6 events
布蘭登堡退出反帝陣營 Brandenburg Withdraws
1641/8 新任布蘭登堡選侯 Frederick William「大選侯」與瑞典簽停戰，退出反帝戰爭，種未來普魯士崛起。
In Aug 1641, the new Elector of Brandenburg, 'the Great Elector' Frederick William, signed a truce with Sweden—seeding future Prussia.
Breitenfeld II·瑞典再勝 Second Battle of Breitenfeld
1642/11/2 瑞典 Torstensson 於 Breitenfeld 再勝帝國軍，重振瑞典攻勢。
On Nov 2, 1642, Swedish Torstensson again triumphed at Breitenfeld, reviving the Swedish offensive.
Rocroi·法勝西班牙 tercios Battle of Rocroi
1643/5/19 21 歲的 Condé 親王率法軍在 Rocroi 擊潰西班牙 tercios 方陣，象徵西班牙霸權終結。
On May 19, 1643, 21-year-old Prince de Condé crushed the Spanish tercios at Rocroi—symbolizing the end of Spanish military supremacy.
Münster / Osnabrück 和談 Westphalian Negotiations
1644-1648 歐洲百餘外交官在 Münster（天主教陣營）和 Osnabrück（新教陣營）同時談判 4 年，達成 Westphalia。
From 1644-1648, over 100 European diplomats negotiated simultaneously at Münster and Osnabrück for 4 years, producing the Peace of Westphalia.
Jankau·帝國軍徹底頹勢 Battle of Jankau
1645/3/6 瑞典 Torstensson 在 Jankau 全殲帝國軍主力，進迫維也納；帝國無力再戰。
On Mar 6, 1645, Sweden's Torstensson annihilated the Imperial main force at Jankau and threatened Vienna—the Empire could no longer fight on.
西發里亞和約·主權國家體系 Peace of Westphalia
10 月簽訂，結束三十年戰爭。承認約 300 個德意志邦國主權，帝國實質解體；「西發里亞體系」確立近代主權國家原則，影響國際法至今。
Signed in October, ending the Thirty Years' War. It recognized sovereignty of some 300 German states — effectively dissolving imperial authority. The 'Westphalian system' established the modern sovereign-state principle that still underpins international law.