越南民族解放陣線成立 National Liberation Front (Viet Cong) Formed
1960/12/20 北越支持下，南越地下武裝力量統合為「民族解放陣線」，西方稱越共（Viet Cong）。
Backed by Hanoi, Southern insurgents united as the National Liberation Front on Dec 20, 1960—known in the West as Viet Cong.
越戰 Vietnam War
一場代理人戰爭,一個大國的執念。20 年,58 萬美軍喪生,200 萬越南人死去,西貢最終還是陷落了。
A proxy war, a superpower's obsession. Twenty years, 58,000 American dead, two million Vietnamese, and Saigon fell anyway.
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開戰 · 4 條事件 Outbreak · 4 events
吳廷琰被刺 Assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem
1963/11/2 南越總統吳廷琰被將軍政變推翻並殺害，美 Kennedy 政府默許；南越政局此後動盪。
South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem was overthrown and killed on Nov 2, 1963, with tacit US approval. Saigon politics became unstable.
Gulf of Tonkin 事件 Gulf of Tonkin Incident
1964/8/2 美驅逐艦 USS Maddox 與北越魚雷艇交火，8/4 第二次「事件」後證實可疑；為美擴大介入藉口。
USS Maddox clashed with North Vietnamese torpedo boats on Aug 2, 1964; a disputed second 'attack' on Aug 4 was the pretext for US escalation.
東京灣決議·國會授權 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
1964/8/7 美國會以近全票通過東京灣決議，授權總統對越用兵，成為擴大介入法律依據。
Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (Aug 7, 1964) nearly unanimously, authorizing the president to escalate military action.
全面爆發 · 5 條事件 Escalation · 5 events
越戰升級·Operation Rolling Thunder Vietnam War Escalation
3 月 2 日 Johnson 下令「Rolling Thunder」戰略轟炸北越、派第一批 Marines 登陸峴港。越戰從顧問團規模升級為全面戰。至 1969 年美軍達 54 萬。1968 Tet 攻勢失美國民心。1973 停戰、1975 北越攻陷西貢。美軍死 5.8 萬、越南死 2-300 萬。美國對外政策痛史。
On March 2, Johnson ordered 'Rolling Thunder' strategic bombing of North Vietnam and the first Marines landed at Da Nang. The Vietnam War escalated from advisor presence to full war. By 1969, US forces reached 540,000. The 1968 Tet Offensive cost American public support. 1973 armistice, 1975 Saigon fell to North Vietnam. 58,000 US dead, 2-3 million Vietnamese dead. A traumatic American foreign policy history.
美軍地面部隊登陸峴港 US Marines Land at Da Nang
1965/3/8 首批 3500 名美國海軍陸戰隊員在峴港登陸，為越戰美國地面戰鬥力量的起點。
First 3,500 US Marines landed at Da Nang on Mar 8, 1965—start of major US ground combat in Vietnam.
Tet Offensive 新春攻勢 Tet Offensive
1968/1/30 越共 + 北越軍在農曆新年同時攻擊南越 100 多城鎮，軍事上失敗但動搖美國民意。
Viet Cong and NVA launched coordinated attacks on 100+ South Vietnamese cities at Lunar New Year 1968—a military defeat that shattered US public support.
My Lai 美萊村大屠殺 My Lai Massacre
1968/3/16 美軍 C 連在美萊村屠殺 300-500 名越南平民；1969 年曝光，重創美國道德正當性。
US Army Company C killed 300-500 Vietnamese civilians at My Lai on Mar 16, 1968. Exposed in 1969, it devastated US moral standing.
Nixon 越戰越南化政策 Nixon Announces Vietnamization
1969/6/8 Nixon 在中途島會議宣布「越南化」：將戰鬥交還南越軍，美軍逐步撤出。
Nixon announced 'Vietnamization' on Jun 8, 1969: South Vietnamese forces would take over combat as US troops withdrew.
終戰 · 5 條事件 Endgame · 5 events
美軍入侵柬埔寨 Cambodian Incursion
1970/4/30 Nixon 下令美南越聯軍入侵柬埔寨打擊越共基地，引發美國校園反戰浪潮。
Nixon ordered US/ARVN forces into Cambodia on Apr 30, 1970 to strike Viet Cong bases—sparking massive US campus protests.
相關主軸：Related axes:東南亞SE Asia
Linebacker II 聖誕節轟炸 Operation Linebacker II
1972/12/18-29 美 B-52 對河內、海防進行史上最密集轟炸，迫北越返 Paris 談判桌。
US B-52s bombed Hanoi/Haiphong intensively Dec 18-29, 1972, forcing North Vietnam back to the Paris negotiating table.
Paris 和平協定 Paris Peace Accords
1973/1/27 美、北越、南越、越共四方簽 Paris 協定，美軍撤出；南越未停戰，2 年後淪陷。
Paris Peace Accords (Jan 27, 1973) ended direct US involvement. Fighting continued in South Vietnam until its fall in 1975.
最後美軍撤離 Last US Combat Troops Leave Vietnam
1973/3/29 最後一批美戰鬥部隊撤離越南，僅留小批顧問與海軍陸戰隊駐館衛兵。
The last US combat troops left Vietnam on Mar 29, 1973, leaving only small advisory and embassy contingents.
越南船民·戰後難民潮 Vietnamese Boat People
1975 年西貢陷落後 20 年間，約 200 萬越南人（華人佔比顯著）乘船逃往東南亞、美國、澳洲、歐洲，是冷戰最具代表性的難民潮之一。
After Saigon fell in 1975, about 2 million Vietnamese (many ethnic Chinese) fled by boat over 20 years to Southeast Asia, the U.S., Australia, and Europe — among the Cold War's most iconic refugee crises.