蒙古帝國 Mongol Empire
成吉思汗統一蒙古各部，建立史上最大的連續陸地帝國，橫跨歐亞大陸。
Genghis Khan unifies the Mongol tribes and builds the largest contiguous land empire in history, spanning from East Asia to Eastern Europe.
相關主軸：Related axes:成吉思汗Genghis Khan
蒙古征服 Mongol Conquests
一個草原上的戰士統一了蒙古各部，然後用了 162 年征服了從中國到匈牙利的整個世界。到 1368 年他的帝國崩解時，地球上沒有任何地方倖免於他的鐵騎。
A steppe warrior unified the Mongol clans, then spent 162 years conquering everything from China to Hungary. By 1368, when his empire collapsed, nowhere on Earth had escaped his horsemen.
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1206 – 1246 · 22 條事件 1206 – 1246 · 22 events
西夏降服 Western Xia Submits
1209 Genghis 圍西夏都中興府，逼 Li Anquan 稱臣進貢，蒙古首次征服一個定居國家。
In 1209, Genghis besieged the Western Xia capital Zhongxing; Li Anquan submitted and paid tribute—Mongols' first conquest of a settled state.
相關主軸：Related axes:成吉思汗·西征Genghis · Conquests
首次攻金 First Mongol Campaign Against Jin
1211 Genghis 親率 10 萬蒙古軍南下攻金，大敗金軍於野狐嶺；蒙古攻金戰爭持續 23 年。
In 1211, Genghis led 100,000 Mongols south against Jin, winning at Yehuling; the Mongol-Jin war lasted 23 years.
相關主軸：Related axes:成吉思汗·西征Genghis · Conquests
中都（北京）陷·金遷南京 Fall of Zhongdu (Beijing)
1215/5/31 蒙古軍攻陷金朝中都（今北京），金宣宗南遷汴京；華北大半落入蒙古。
On May 31, 1215, the Mongols took Zhongdu (modern Beijing); Emperor Xuanzong of Jin relocated to Kaifeng, leaving most of north China to the Mongols.
Otrar 事件·花剌子模殺蒙古使 Otrar Incident
1218 花剌子模總督 Inalchuq 扣押 450 蒙古商隊、處決 Genghis 特使；Genghis 憤而西征。
In 1218, Khwarezmian governor Inalchuq seized a 450-man Mongol trade caravan and executed Genghis's envoy—triggering Genghis's western campaign.
相關主軸：Related axes:中亞/北亞Central Asia成吉思汗·西征Genghis · Conquests
蒙古西征・花剌子模 Mongol Invasion of Khwarezmia
成吉思汗首次大規模西征，滅花剌子模帝國
Genghis Khan launches first major western campaign, destroying the Khwarezmian Empire.
相關主軸：Related axes:跨文明Cross-Civilization波斯/伊朗Persia成吉思汗·西征Genghis · Conquests
花剌子模征服戰 Conquest of Khwarezm
1219-1221 Genghis 率蒙古軍摧毀 Bukhara、Samarkand、Merv、Nishapur 等大城；Shah Muhammad 逃死，帝國覆滅。
From 1219-1221, Genghis destroyed Bukhara, Samarkand, Merv, and Nishapur; Shah Muhammad fled and died—the empire fell.
相關主軸：Related axes:中亞/北亞Central Asia成吉思汗·西征Genghis · Conquests
西征花剌子模·Otrar 血仇 Mongol Invasion of Khwarezm
1219 Genghis 因 Otrar 殺使事件率 20 萬蒙古軍西征花剌子模，2 年內滅帝國；蒙古西擴起點。
In 1219, Genghis led 200,000 Mongols west against Khwarezm (over the Otrar incident); within 2 years the empire was destroyed—the start of westward expansion.
相關主軸：Related axes:中亞/北亞Central Asia中東Middle East成吉思汗·西征Genghis · Conquests
Samarkand 屠城 Sack of Samarkand
1220/3 Genghis 攻破絲路明珠 Samarkand，屠工匠外之多數居民，震懾中亞。
In March 1220, Genghis took the Silk Road jewel Samarkand, massacring most inhabitants (sparing artisans)—terrorizing Central Asia.
相關主軸：Related axes:成吉思汗·西征Genghis · Conquests
Kalka 河之戰·首遇羅斯 Battle of the Kalka River
1223/5/31 Subutai + Jebe 偵察遠征在 Kalka 河大破基輔羅斯-Cuman 聯軍；Rus 首次震撼接觸。
On May 31, 1223, Subutai and Jebe's reconnaissance force crushed a Kievan Rus-Cuman coalition at the Kalka River—the Rus's first shocking encounter.
Genghis 死於西夏征途 Death of Genghis Khan
1227/8/18 Genghis 於西夏最後圍城途中病逝，密不發喪至西夏覆滅；遺體葬地至今成謎。
Genghis Khan died on Aug 18, 1227 during the final siege of Western Xia; his death was kept secret until Xia fell. His tomb remains undiscovered.
西夏滅 Destruction of Western Xia
1227/9 Genghis 死後不久西夏末帝投降即被殺，都城屠城；190 年西夏徹底滅國。
Shortly after Genghis's death in 1227, the last Xia emperor surrendered and was killed, the capital massacred—ending 190 years of Western Xia.
高麗征服·40 年抗戰 Mongol Conquest of Korea
1231-1259 蒙古 6 次征高麗，Goryeo 王室避居江華島抗戰 30 年；1259 降服入貢，仍保王室。
Mongols invaded Korea 6 times (1231-1259); the Goryeo court fled to Ganghwa Island for 30 years before submitting—the royal line continued.
金朝滅·蒙宋聯盟 Destruction of the Jin Dynasty
1234/2/9 蒙古與南宋聯軍圍蔡州，金末帝自縊，120 年金朝亡；蒙宋聯盟不久破裂。
On Feb 9, 1234, Mongol-Song forces besieged Caizhou; the last Jin emperor hanged himself, ending 120 years of Jin. The alliance soon broke.
羅斯諸國征服 Mongol Invasion of Rus
1237-1240 Batu 率金帳汗國先鋒攻下 Ryazan、Vladimir、Moscow、Kiev；羅斯諸公國大半臣服，開「韃靼枷鎖」240 年。
From 1237-1240, Batu's Golden Horde took Ryazan, Vladimir, Moscow, and Kiev; most Rus principalities submitted, starting the 240-year 'Tatar Yoke'.
蒙古滅基輔·韃靼桎梏開始 Mongol Sack of Kiev
12 月 6 日蒙古拔都汗(Batu)攻陷基輔，屠城。Kievan Rus 終結，俄羅斯諸公國臣服蒙古「金帳汗國」240 年(1240-1480)。經濟文化倒退、與西歐隔絕，奠定俄羅斯與歐洲不同的歷史軌跡。
On December 6, Mongol khan Batu sacked Kiev, massacring the city. Kievan Rus ended; Russian principalities became Mongol vassals under the 'Golden Horde' for 240 years (1240-1480). Economic and cultural regression, isolation from Western Europe — setting Russia's divergent path.
相關主軸：Related axes:蒙古帝國Mongol Empire中亞/北亞Central Asia蒙古征服·西方戰線Mongol Conquests · West
韃靼桎梏·蒙古統治 240 年 Tatar Yoke (1240-1480)
金帳汗國(Golden Horde)宗主俄羅斯諸公國，徵稅徵兵 240 年。莫斯科靠當蒙古的稅吏崛起，斯拉夫文明吸收蒙古行政、軍事元素，東正教因蒙古宗教寬容反而興盛(教會免稅)。
The Golden Horde was suzerain over Russian principalities for 240 years, collecting taxes and conscripts. Moscow rose by serving as Mongol tax collector. Slavic civilization absorbed Mongol administrative and military elements; Orthodox Christianity actually flourished (Church was tax-exempt under Mongol religious tolerance).
相關主軸：Related axes:蒙古帝國Mongol Empire中亞/北亞Central Asia基督教Christianity
Legnica·波德聯軍敗 Battle of Legnica
1241/4/9 Baidar + Kadan 率蒙古軍在 Legnica 殲西里西亞 Henry II 率波德聯軍；Henry 陣亡。
On Apr 9, 1241, Baidar and Kadan's Mongols annihilated Henry II of Silesia's Polish-German coalition at Legnica; Henry died.
入侵歐洲·Legnica + Mohi 雙勝 Mongol Invasion of Europe
1241/4 Batu 率 Subutai 指揮 2 週內接連在 Legnica 殲波德聯軍、Mohi 殲匈牙利軍；歐洲心臟洞開。
In April 1241, under Subutai's direction, Batu's Mongols annihilated Polish-German forces at Legnica and Hungarian forces at Mohi within 2 weeks.
Mohi·匈牙利軍敗 Battle of Mohi
1241/4/11 Batu + Subutai 在 Sajó 河畔 Mohi 殲匈牙利 Béla IV 王軍 6 萬；匈牙利王國幾乎崩潰。
On Apr 11, 1241, Batu and Subutai annihilated 60,000 Hungarian troops under Béla IV at Mohi on the Sajó River—Hungary nearly collapsed.
相關主軸：Related axes:歐洲Europe
亞歷山大·涅夫斯基冰湖戰役 Alexander Nevsky — Battle on the Ice
4 月 5 日諾夫哥羅德王公亞歷山大在楚德湖冰面擊退條頓騎士團西進。蒙古佔領下卻向東屈從、向西抵禦，被尊為俄羅斯民族英雄。1547 年封聖、1942 史達林設「亞歷山大涅夫斯基勳章」。
On April 5, Novgorod prince Alexander defeated the Teutonic Knights' eastern advance on the frozen Lake Peipus. Submitting to Mongols east, he resisted Westerners — becoming a Russian national hero. Canonized 1547; Stalin established the Order of Alexander Nevsky in 1942.
Ögedei 死·蒙軍撤歐 Ögedei's Death · Retreat from Europe
1241/12 Ögedei Khan 飲酒暴斃，消息 1242/3 傳至前線，諸王須回 Karakorum 選舉新大汗，歐洲戰事戛然而止。
Ögedei Khan died suddenly in Dec 1241 (news reached the front in March 1242); princes had to return to Karakorum to elect a new Khan—Europe saved.
1246 – 1287 · 12 條事件 1246 – 1287 · 12 events
Möngke 推舉·Tolui 系掌權 Möngke Elected Great Khan
1251/7 經 Batu 支持，Möngke（Tolui 子）被推舉為大汗，Ögedei 系被清洗；蒙古帝國重啟擴張。
In July 1251, backed by Batu, Möngke (son of Tolui) was elected Great Khan; the Ögedeid line was purged, and expansion resumed.
Hülegü 西征·目標 Baghdad Hülegü's Western Campaign Begins
1253/10 Möngke 派弟 Hülegü 率 15 萬蒙古軍西征波斯-阿拉伯，1256 先滅刺客派 Nizari；目標 Abbasid。
In Oct 1253, Möngke sent his brother Hülegü west with 150,000 Mongols; by 1256 the Assassins (Nizari) were destroyed, paving way to the Abbasids.
相關主軸：Related axes:中東Middle East伊斯蘭教Islam
Alamut 陷·刺客派 Nizari 滅 Fall of Alamut · Destruction of Nizari Assassins
1256/12/15 Hülegü 攻破伊朗北部 Alamut 山堡，傳奇「刺客派」（Nizari Ismailis）終結 170 年。
On Dec 15, 1256, Hülegü took Alamut in northern Iran, ending the legendary 170-year-old Nizari Ismaili 'Assassins'.
首次入越·陳朝抗戰 First Mongol Invasion of Vietnam
1257/12 蒙古軍首次入大越，Trần 朝棄都戰術反擊；此後 1285、1287-88 再犯皆敗，蒙古未能征服越南。
In Dec 1257, Mongols first invaded Đại Việt; the Trần dynasty used scorched-earth tactics. Two later invasions (1285, 1287-88) also failed.
相關主軸：Related axes:東南亞SE Asia
蒙古攻陷巴格達 Mongol Sack of Baghdad
旭烈兀攻陷巴格達，阿拔斯王朝滅亡
Hulagu sacks Baghdad, ending the Abbasid Caliphate.
相關主軸：Related axes:中東Middle East伊斯蘭教Islam
Baghdad 陷·阿拔斯終結 Sack of Baghdad
1258/2/10 Hülegü 攻破 Baghdad 屠城 40 日，殺 Caliph Al-Musta'sim，終結 508 年阿拔斯王朝，伊斯蘭世界劇痛。
On Feb 10, 1258, Hülegü sacked Baghdad over 40 days, killed Caliph Al-Musta'sim, ending 508 years of the Abbasid Caliphate—a trauma for the Islamic world.
相關主軸：Related axes:中東Middle East伊斯蘭教Islam
Ain Jalut·Mamluk 首敗蒙古 Battle of Ain Jalut
1260/9/3 Mamluk Sultan Qutuz 與 Baibars 在 Ain Jalut 首次擊敗蒙古軍，止住蒙古西擴；伊斯蘭世界保住。
On Sep 3, 1260, Mamluk Sultan Qutuz and Baibars defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut—the first major Mongol defeat, halting westward expansion.
元朝 Yuan Dynasty
蒙古忽必烈建立元朝，統治全中國，馬可波羅來訪，東西方交流空前。
Kublai Khan establishes Yuan; Marco Polo visits; unprecedented East-West exchange.
元寇襲來・蒙古入侵 Mongol Invasions of Japan
蒙古帝國兩次入侵日本均因颱風失敗
Mongol Empire launches two invasions of Japan, both defeated by typhoons ('kamikaze').
相關主軸：Related axes:中亞/北亞Central Asia
文永之役·首次伐日（神風） First Mongol Invasion of Japan · Bun'ei
1274/11/19 蒙古+高麗聯軍 4 萬登陸九州博多灣，夜間暴風摧毀艦隊，被迫撤退；日方稱「神風」。
On Nov 19, 1274, 40,000 Mongol-Korean forces landed at Hakata Bay, Kyushu; a typhoon destroyed the fleet—Japan's 'kamikaze' (divine wind).
崖山海戰·南宋滅 Battle of Yamen · End of Song
1279/3/19 南宋陸秀夫抱 8 歲末帝投海自盡，艦隊全滅；蒙古首次完全征服中國，東征達終點。
On Mar 19, 1279, Song minister Lu Xiufu jumped into the sea with the 8-year-old emperor; the fleet was destroyed—Mongols fully conquered China for the first time.
弘安之役·二次伐日（神風 II） Second Mongol Invasion of Japan · Kōan
1281/6/21 蒙古+高麗+南宋降軍 14 萬分兩路入侵日本，再次被 8 月颱風摧毀艦隊；蒙古放棄日本。
On Jun 21, 1281, 140,000 Mongol-Korean-former-Song forces invaded Japan in two fleets; an August typhoon again wrecked them. Mongols abandoned Japan.
1287 – 1327 · 4 條事件 1287 – 1327 · 4 events
爪哇遠征失敗 Mongol Expedition to Java Fails
1293 Khubilai 派 2 萬海軍遠征爪哇，被 Raden Wijaya 誘擊敗；Majapahit 帝國藉此建國。
In 1293, Khubilai sent 20,000 troops to Java; Raden Wijaya tricked and defeated them, using the victory to found the Majapahit Empire.
相關主軸：Related axes:東南亞SE Asia
蒙古帝國分裂 Mongol Empire Fragments
忽必烈死後蒙古帝國分裂為四大汗國
After Kublai Khan's death, the Mongol Empire fractures into four khanates.
Khubilai 死·大汗時代終 Death of Khubilai Khan
1294/2/18 Khubilai 死於大都，蒙古四大汗國此後各自為政，統一帝國終；元朝延續至 1368。
Khubilai died on Feb 18, 1294 in Khanbaliq; the four Mongol khanates drifted apart—ending the unified empire. The Yuan lasted until 1368.
莫斯科崛起·伊凡一世「錢袋子」 Rise of Moscow — Ivan I 'Kalita'
伊凡一世「錢袋子」即位莫斯科大公，以替蒙古收稅累積財富權勢。1326 年大主教遷莫斯科，使莫斯科取代弗拉基米爾、特維爾成東北羅斯宗教中心。莫斯科 200 年內統一俄羅斯起點。
Ivan I 'Kalita' (Moneybag) ascended as Grand Prince of Moscow, accumulating wealth and power as Mongol tax collector. In 1326 the Metropolitan moved to Moscow, displacing Vladimir and Tver as religious center of northeastern Rus — beginning Moscow's 200-year rise to unify Russia.
相關主軸：Related axes:蒙古帝國Mongol Empire基督教Christianity歐洲Europe