後金改清·Hong Taiji 稱帝 Hong Taiji renames Later Jin to Qing
努爾哈赤之子 Hong Taiji 改後金為「大清」，稱皇帝，建滿洲八旗制度，征服蒙古、朝鮮，準備入主中原。
Nurhaci's son Hong Taiji renamed Later Jin "Great Qing"; took emperor title; conquered Mongols, Korea.
清朝 Qing Dynasty
一個滿族政權入主中原,建立了中國最後一個帝國。從康乾盛世的榮光到辛亥革命的槍聲,276年間帝制走向了終結。
A Manchu conquest became China's last empire. From Kangxi and Qianlong's golden age to the gunshots of 1911, 276 years that ended imperial rule.
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1636 – 1705 · 8 條事件 1636 – 1705 · 8 events
清朝 Qing Dynasty
滿族建立清朝，康雍乾三朝鼎盛，後遭列強入侵，鴉片戰爭開啟近代屈辱史。
Manchu Qing Dynasty peaks under three emperors, then faces Western imperialism and the Opium Wars.
相關主軸：Related axes:中國帝王Chinese Emperor
康熙帝即位 Kangxi Emperor
在位 61 年，平三藩、收台灣、抗俄羅斯。清朝盛世。
Reigned 61 years. Suppressed revolts, annexed Taiwan, resisted Russia. Qing golden age.
相關主軸：Related axes:中國帝王Chinese Emperor
康熙朝·61 年最長盛世 Kangxi Emperor — 61-year reign
8 歲即位，平三藩、收復臺灣、簽尼布楚條約、編《康熙字典》、推算數學科學，中國史最長皇帝在位。
Took throne at 8. Quelled Three Feudatories, took Taiwan, signed Nerchinsk, compiled dictionary. Longest reign in Chinese history.
三藩之亂·Wu Sangui 反清 Revolt of the Three Feudatories — Wu Sangui
南方三藩 (吳三桂、耿精忠、尚之信) 反清，戰 8 年險覆滅清。Kangxi 平亂後集權，廢藩鎮制，鞏固統一。
Three Han Chinese feudatories (Wu Sangui et al.) revolted; 8-year war nearly toppled Qing. Kangxi crushed and centralized.
清軍取臺灣·明鄭終 Qing takes Taiwan — Koxinga's heirs surrender
Shi Lang 率清艦隊澎湖海戰大勝，鄭克塽降，明鄭 22 年告終。臺灣首次納入中國版圖（清治 212 年）。
Shi Lang's Qing fleet won Battle of Penghu; Zheng Keshuang surrendered. Taiwan absorbed into China for 212 years.
清治時期 Qing Rule
施琅攻台，明鄭降清。清朝統治212年，臺灣從福建省一府三縣逐步發展為獨立建省，人口大增。
Shi Lang's naval victory ends Ming-Zheng rule. Qing governs Taiwan for 212 years, eventually making it a separate province.
尼布楚條約·清俄首次劃界 Treaty of Nerchinsk — first Sino-Russian border
清俄談判劃定 Outer Manchuria 邊界，俄退讓黑龍江，中國史上首份與西方平等條約，Jesuit 神父翻譯。
Sino-Russian border treaty for Outer Manchuria; Russia ceded Amur claims. China's first equal treaty with Western power.
1705 – 1774 · 3 條事件 1705 – 1774 · 3 events
雍正帝·勤政改革 13 年 Yongzheng Emperor — 13 years of reform
Kangxi 四子奪嫡疑雲，治世 13 年攝政親理，攤丁入畝、改土歸流、設軍機處、嚴懲貪腐，為乾隆盛世鋪墊。
Kangxi's 4th son took throne amid succession dispute. 13-year hands-on rule reformed taxes, ethnic policy, anti-corruption.
乾隆朝·61 年盛世 Qianlong Emperor — 61-year reign
Yongzheng 子，治 60 年退位讓子嘉慶以不超 Kangxi。文治編《四庫全書》、武功十全武功，但晚期 Heshen 貪腐、白蓮教起義。
Reigned 60 years (abdicated to not exceed Kangxi). Compiled Siku Quanshu; Ten Great Campaigns; later corruption (Heshen).
十全武功·乾隆軍事擴張 Ten Great Campaigns — Qianlong's expansion
乾隆 10 次大型軍事行動：征 Dzungar (1755-1757)、回部、Burma、台灣林爽文、Annam、Nepal 等，疆域達 1300 萬平方公里。
10 major military campaigns: Dzungars, Hui, Burma, Taiwan revolts, Vietnam, Nepal. Empire reached 13M km².
1774 – 1843 · 3 條事件 1774 – 1843 · 3 events
《紅樓夢》 Dream of the Red Chamber
曹雪芹著，中國文學最高成就之一。四大名著之一。
By Cao Xueqin. Widely regarded as the pinnacle of Chinese fiction. One of the Four Great Classical Novels.
相關主軸：Related axes:中國文學Chinese Literature
Macartney 使團·中英首次外交受挫 Macartney Embassy — first British diplomacy rebuffed
英王 George III 派 Macartney 至北京求通商，乾隆帝拒絕「天朝物產豐盈，無所不有」。50 年後鴉片戰爭爆發。
Britain's George III sent Macartney to seek trade; Qianlong rejected: "Celestial Empire has all things". Opium War followed 50 years later.
第一次鴉片戰爭 First Opium War
英國以鴉片貿易為由開戰，清朝戰敗簽訂南京條約。
Britain waged war over opium trade. Qing defeat led to Treaty of Nanjing.
相關主軸：Related axes:歐洲Europe
1843 – 1912 · 11 條事件 1843 – 1912 · 11 events
太平天國 Taiping Rebellion
洪秀全領導的農民起義，造成約 2000 萬人死亡。
Hong Xiuquan's peasant rebellion, one of the deadliest conflicts in history (~20M deaths).
第二次鴉片戰爭 Second Opium War
英法聯軍攻入北京，火燒圓明園。
Anglo-French forces entered Beijing and burned the Old Summer Palace.
相關主軸：Related axes:歐洲Europe
洋務運動·34 年自強 Self-Strengthening Movement — 34 years
Yi Xin、Zeng Guofan、Li Hongzhang 推「中體西用」改革，建北洋艦隊、建鐵路、辦兵工廠、譯西書，1895 甲午敗暴露失敗。
Prince Gong, Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang led "Chinese essence, Western utility" reforms. Failed at 1895 Sino-Japanese War.
中法戰爭 Sino-French War
法國爭奪越南宗主權，與清朝開戰。
France fought Qing China over suzerainty of Vietnam.
臺灣建省 Taiwan Province Established
清法戰爭後，臺灣從福建省獨立出來成為臺灣省，劉銘傳就任首任巡撫，積極推動現代化建設。
After the Sino-French War, Taiwan becomes a separate province; Liu Mingchuan becomes its first governor and modernizes the island.
甲午戰爭 First Sino-Japanese War
清朝敗給日本，割讓台灣，東亞格局劇變。
Qing lost to Japan, ceded Taiwan. Dramatically shifted East Asian power dynamics.
戊戌變法·103 日新政 Hundred Days' Reform — 103 days
Guangxu 帝採 Kang Youwei、Liang Qichao 主張，103 日內頒 100 多條改革詔書。慈禧太后政變囚帝、處決六君子，改革失敗。
Guangxu Emperor adopted Kang Youwei's reforms. 100+ edicts in 103 days. Empress Cixi coup; emperor imprisoned; 6 reformers beheaded.
八國聯軍 Boxer Protocol / Eight-Nation Alliance
義和團運動引發八國聯軍入侵北京。
Boxer Uprising led to an eight-nation military intervention in Beijing.
相關主軸：Related axes:歐洲Europe中國戰爭Chinese War
清末新政·為時已晚 Late Qing Reforms — too late
Boxer 後 Cixi 推遲到 1901-1911 改革：廢科舉 (1905)、建新軍、行立憲。但激化革命派，1911 辛亥革命爆發。
Post-Boxer 1901-1911 reforms: abolished imperial exam (1905), modern army, constitutionalism. Too late; 1911 revolution.
辛亥革命 Xinhai Revolution
武昌起義推翻清朝，建立中華民國。
Wuchang Uprising overthrew the Qing dynasty, establishing the Republic of China.
相關主軸：Related axes:中國戰爭Chinese War
溥儀退位・帝制終結 Puyi Abdicates — End of Imperial China
末代皇帝溥儀退位，中國兩千年帝制結束。
Last emperor Puyi abdicated, ending 2000 years of imperial rule in China.
相關主軸：Related axes:中國帝王Chinese Emperor