納粹德國 Nazi Germany
希特勒掌權建立極權政府，發動二戰造成五千萬人死亡，猶太大屠殺是人類史上最黑暗的罪行之一。
Hitler seizes power, building a totalitarian state; WWII kills 50 million; the Holocaust is one of history's darkest crimes.
第二次世界大戰 World War II
從希特勒上台到原子彈落下。13 年，兩個戰場，世界從此不同。
From Hitler's rise to the atomic bomb. 13 years, two theatres, a world remade.
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戰前序曲 · 7 條事件 Prelude · 7 events
希特勒上台·納粹執政 Hitler Becomes Chancellor
1 月 30 日希特勒被任命為德國總理，隨後藉國會縱火案通過《授權法》，納粹黨取得獨裁權力，威瑪共和終結。
On January 30, Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany. Using the Reichstag fire as pretext, the Nazis passed the Enabling Act, seizing dictatorial power and ending the Weimar Republic.
相關主軸：Related axes:歐洲戰場European Theatre跨文明Cross-Civilization
德國退出國聯 Germany Leaves the League of Nations
10 月希特勒宣布德國退出國際聯盟與裁軍會議，擺脫凡爾賽條約束縛，是納粹德國重整軍備的先聲。
In October, Hitler withdrew Germany from the League of Nations and the Disarmament Conference, escaping the Versailles framework — the opening move toward Nazi rearmament.
德國重整軍備·恢復徵兵 German Rearmament & Conscription
3 月希特勒公開毀棄凡爾賽條約軍事條款、恢復徵兵並成立空軍，英法抗議但未實質制裁，綏靖態勢確立。
In March, Hitler openly repudiated the Versailles military clauses, reinstated conscription, and unveiled the Luftwaffe. Britain and France protested but took no action — appeasement took hold.
紐倫堡法案 Nuremberg Laws
納粹德國頒布反猶太法律，剝奪猶太人公民權、禁止異族通婚，系統性迫害自此法制化。
Nazi Germany enacted antisemitic laws stripping Jews of citizenship and banning intermarriage, institutionalizing systematic persecution.
相關主軸：Related axes:ww2-homeww2-home
義大利入侵衣索比亞 Italian Invasion of Ethiopia
墨索里尼為建構「新羅馬帝國」入侵衣索比亞，動用毒氣；國聯制裁失敗，標誌集體安全體系崩潰，加速二戰醞釀。
Mussolini invaded Ethiopia to revive a 'New Roman Empire,' using chemical weapons. The League of Nations' failed sanctions marked the collapse of collective security and hastened WWII.
相關主軸：Related axes:非洲Africa歐洲戰場European Theatre
萊茵蘭再軍事化 Remilitarization of the Rhineland
3 月德軍進駐非軍事區萊茵蘭，直接違反凡爾賽與羅加諾條約。法國未反應、英國綏靖，希特勒擴張信心大增。
In March, German troops entered the demilitarized Rhineland, directly violating Versailles and Locarno. France did not respond and Britain appeased — boosting Hitler's confidence in further expansion.
開戰 · 12 條事件 Outbreak · 12 events
西班牙內戰·德義介入 Spanish Civil War & Axis Intervention
1936-1939 年西班牙內戰中，德義派兵助佛朗哥（禿鷹軍團、格爾尼卡轟炸），蘇聯援共和軍，成為二戰前的實戰演習場。
During the 1936–1939 Spanish Civil War, Germany and Italy backed Franco (Condor Legion, Guernica bombing), while the USSR supported the Republicans — a rehearsal for WWII.
柏林奧運·軸心國成形 Berlin Olympics & Axis Alliance Forms
納粹德國以柏林奧運粉飾形象，同年與義大利簽「柏林-羅馬軸心」、與日本簽《反共產國際協定》，軸心雛形成立。
Nazi Germany used the Berlin Olympics as propaganda. In the same year, Germany signed the Rome–Berlin Axis and the Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan — the Axis alliance was forming.
中日戰爭（抗戰） Second Sino-Japanese War
中國抗日戰爭，二戰亞洲戰場的一部分。
China's war against Japan, part of WWII's Asian theater.
盧溝橋事變·中日全面開戰 Marco Polo Bridge Incident
7 月 7 日日軍藉演習失蹤為由砲擊宛平城，中日全面戰爭爆發，亞洲戰場遠早於歐洲開打。
On July 7, Japanese forces shelled Wanping using a missing-soldier pretext, triggering all-out war between China and Japan — beginning the Asian theatre of WWII years before Europe.
南京大屠殺 Nanjing Massacre
12 月日軍攻陷南京後，於六週內屠殺約 30 萬平民與戰俘，為 20 世紀最嚴重戰爭暴行之一。
After capturing Nanjing in December, Japanese forces massacred an estimated 300,000 civilians and POWs over six weeks — one of the worst atrocities of the 20th century.
德奧合併 Anschluss Anschluss — Annexation of Austria
3 月德軍進入奧地利，奧國被納入大德意志帝國，公投以 99% 支持合法化。英法再次未抵抗，希特勒擴張如入無人之境。
In March, German troops entered Austria and it was absorbed into the Greater German Reich, legitimized by a 99% plebiscite. Britain and France again stood aside as Hitler expanded unopposed.
慕尼黑協定·綏靖政策高峰 Munich Agreement
英法同意德國併吞捷克蘇台德地區，張伯倫宣稱「這一代的和平」。綏靖政策成為縱容侵略的代名詞。
Britain and France allowed Germany to annex Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland. Chamberlain proclaimed 'peace for our time.' Appeasement became synonymous with enabling aggression.
武漢會戰·國民政府遷重慶 Battle of Wuhan
1938 年 6-10 月中日軍隊在武漢周邊激戰，日軍以重大代價攻占武漢。國民政府西遷重慶抗戰，抗戰進入相持階段。
From June to October 1938, Chinese and Japanese forces fought around Wuhan. Japan took the city at heavy cost; the Nationalist government relocated to Chongqing, and the war entered a stalemate phase.
水晶之夜 Kristallnacht
11 月 9 日納粹組織全德反猶暴動，摧毀猶太教堂與商店達 7 千間，是大屠殺升級的分水嶺。
On November 9, Nazis organized nationwide pogroms across Germany, destroying ~7,000 Jewish synagogues and shops. A turning point toward the Holocaust's escalation.
相關主軸：Related axes:ww2-homeww2-home
第二次世界大戰 World War II
第二次世界大戰造成超過7000萬人死亡，是人類歷史上最大規模的武裝衝突。
World War II kills over 70 million people, becoming the deadliest armed conflict in human history.
德國併吞捷克全境 Germany Occupies Czechoslovakia
3 月德軍進入布拉格，併吞整個捷克，徹底撕毀慕尼黑協定。英法終於意識綏靖失敗，開始對波蘭等提供軍事保證。
In March, German troops entered Prague and annexed the rest of Czechoslovakia, shredding the Munich Agreement. Britain and France finally recognized the failure of appeasement and issued guarantees to Poland.
義大利入侵阿爾巴尼亞 Italian Invasion of Albania
4 月墨索里尼出兵一週內占領阿爾巴尼亞，建立傀儡王國並納入義大利帝國版圖，為南歐擴張的前站。
In April, Mussolini invaded and occupied Albania within a week, installing a puppet kingdom and absorbing it into the Italian Empire — a staging ground for southern European expansion.
全面爆發 · 25 條事件 Escalation · 25 events
德蘇互不侵犯條約·莫洛托夫 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
8 月 23 日德蘇簽約含密約劃分東歐勢力範圍，使希特勒解除雙線作戰顧慮，9 天後入侵波蘭。後來被巴巴羅薩撕毀。
Signed August 23, the Nazi–Soviet pact included a secret protocol partitioning Eastern Europe, freeing Hitler from two-front worries. Nine days later, Germany invaded Poland. The pact was later broken by Barbarossa.
德國入侵波蘭·戰爭爆發 Invasion of Poland
1939 年 9 月 1 日，納粹德國閃電入侵波蘭，同月蘇聯依《德蘇互不侵犯條約》密約由東線進攻，英法對德宣戰，歐戰正式開打。
On September 1, 1939, Nazi Germany launched a blitzkrieg on Poland; the Soviet Union invaded from the east per the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. Britain and France declared war on Germany, beginning WWII in Europe.
敦克爾克大撤退 Dunkirk Evacuation
德軍快速推進下，盟軍 33.8 萬人自敦克爾克海灘撤往英國，動員大量民用船隻參與救援，史稱「敦克爾克奇蹟」。
As German forces advanced rapidly, 338,000 Allied troops were evacuated from the beaches of Dunkirk to Britain with the help of civilian vessels — known as the 'Miracle of Dunkirk.'
義大利參戰·地中海戰線開啟 Italy Enters the War
6 月法國敗局已定時，墨索里尼對英法宣戰，義大利攻擊法國南部與北非、巴爾幹，地中海與北非成為英義長期交戰前線。
In June, as France was collapsing, Mussolini declared war on Britain and France. Italy attacked southern France, North Africa, and the Balkans, turning the Mediterranean into a long British–Italian front.
法國淪陷·維琪政府成立 Fall of France
德軍繞過馬奇諾防線由阿登森林突破，六週內攻陷巴黎。法國投降並設維琪政府，戴高樂赴倫敦組「自由法國」。
German forces bypassed the Maginot Line through the Ardennes and captured Paris within six weeks. France surrendered and the Vichy regime was established; de Gaulle led Free France from London.
大西洋戰役·U 艇群狼戰術 Battle of the Atlantic
1939-1945 年貫穿全戰爭最長戰役。德軍 U 艇群狼戰術攻擊盟軍運補船團，1943 年盟軍憑密碼破譯（Ultra）與護航航母逆轉。
The longest campaign of the war (1939–1945). German U-boats hunted Allied convoys in 'wolfpack' tactics until 1943, when Ultra code-breaking and escort carriers turned the tide.
不列顛戰役 Battle of Britain
史上首場完全以空戰決定勝負的戰役。英國皇家空軍擊退德國空軍入侵準備，希特勒被迫放棄「海獅計畫」登陸英國。
The first campaign decided entirely in the air. The RAF repelled the Luftwaffe, forcing Hitler to abandon Operation Sea Lion — the planned invasion of Britain.
三國同盟條約·日進駐法屬印支 Tripartite Pact
9 月 27 日德義日三國在柏林簽訂同盟條約，正式結為軸心國。同年日軍進駐法屬印度支那北部，美國對日禁運加碼。
On September 27, Germany, Italy, and Japan signed the Tripartite Pact in Berlin, formally forming the Axis. That year Japan occupied northern French Indochina, prompting tighter U.S. embargoes.
珍珠港事件 Attack on Pearl Harbor
日本偷襲珍珠港，美國正式參加二戰
Japan attacks Pearl Harbor; the US enters World War II.
租借法案 Lend-Lease Act
3 月美國國會通過租借法案，向英蘇等盟國提供總值 500 億美元的軍火物資，實質打破中立走向參戰。
In March, the U.S. Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act, supplying Allies with $50 billion in military aid — effectively ending American neutrality.
巴爾幹戰役·希臘與克里特 Balkans Campaign & Battle of Crete
義軍入侵希臘受挫，德國出兵迅速拿下南斯拉夫與希臘。5 月德軍空降攻陷克里特島。此役消耗德軍資源並延後巴巴羅薩行動。
After Italy's invasion of Greece stalled, Germany swept through Yugoslavia and Greece. In May, German paratroopers captured Crete. The campaign drained German resources and delayed Operation Barbarossa.
巴巴羅薩行動·德軍侵蘇 Operation Barbarossa
德國撕毀互不侵犯條約，集結 300 多萬兵力進攻蘇聯，開闢東線戰場，是人類史上規模最大的陸戰。
Germany broke the non-aggression pact and invaded the Soviet Union with over 3 million troops, opening the Eastern Front — the largest land invasion in history.
大西洋憲章·戰後秩序原則 Atlantic Charter
1941/8/14 Roosevelt 與 Churchill 在 Newfoundland 外海會面，聯合聲明戰後自由貿易、民族自決等 8 原則。
On Aug 14, 1941, Roosevelt and Churchill met off Newfoundland and issued 8 principles for the postwar world—free trade, self-determination, etc.
馬來亞戰役·日軍入侵東南亞 Malayan Campaign
與珍珠港同日展開。日軍山下奉文 70 天內推進 1,100 公里，以少勝多擊敗英軍，威脅東南亞殖民體系。
Launched the same day as Pearl Harbor. In 70 days, General Yamashita advanced 1,100 km, defeating larger British forces and shaking the Southeast Asian colonial order.
珍珠港事變 Attack on Pearl Harbor
12 月 7 日日軍偷襲夏威夷珍珠港美軍基地，擊沉多艘戰艦，隔日美國對日宣戰，正式加入二戰。
On December 7, Japanese forces surprise-attacked the U.S. Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, sinking several battleships. The U.S. declared war the next day, formally entering WWII.
大屠殺·奧斯威辛集中營 The Holocaust / Auschwitz
1942-1945 年納粹系統性屠殺約 600 萬猶太人，以奧斯威辛-比克瑙滅絕營為最大執行中心，另有數百萬羅姆人、蘇聯戰俘、同性戀者等受害。
From 1942–1945, Nazis systematically murdered about 6 million Jews, with Auschwitz-Birkenau as the largest killing center. Millions more Romani, Soviet POWs, and others were also victims.
相關主軸：Related axes:ww2-homeww2-home
緬甸戰役·CBI 戰場 Burma Campaign
1942-1945 年橫跨三年半的熱帶叢林戰。日軍切斷滇緬公路後，英軍、中國遠征軍（史迪威、孫立人）及印度軍聯合反攻，1945 年光復仰光。
A 3.5-year jungle war (1942–1945). After Japan severed the Burma Road, British forces, the Chinese Expeditionary Force (Stilwell, Sun Li-jen), and Indian troops jointly counterattacked, liberating Rangoon in 1945.
萬湖會議·最終解決方案 Wannsee Conference
1 月 20 日納粹高層在柏林萬湖別墅會議上正式協調「猶太人問題的最終解決方案」，系統性屠殺全面啟動。
On January 20, senior Nazi officials met at a Wannsee villa to coordinate the 'Final Solution to the Jewish Question,' launching the systematic genocide.
相關主軸：Related axes:ww2-homeww2-home
新加坡淪陷 Fall of Singapore
英軍 8 萬人向日軍投降，邱吉爾稱為「英國軍史上最嚴重的災難」。新加坡被日軍占領三年半。
80,000 British Commonwealth troops surrendered to Japanese forces. Churchill called it 'the worst disaster in British military history.' Singapore was occupied by Japan for three and a half years.
杜立德空襲東京 Doolittle Raid
4 月 18 日美軍 16 架 B-25 自大黃蜂號航母起飛，首次轟炸東京等日本本土都市，實質損害有限但重挫日本民心，並促成日方冒險進攻中途島。
On April 18, 16 U.S. B-25s launched from USS Hornet — the first bombing of the Japanese home islands. Material damage was light but morale impact was large, and it drove Japan to the Midway gamble.
菲律賓陷落·巴丹死亡行軍 Fall of the Philippines & Bataan Death March
4 月美菲聯軍在巴丹半島投降，日軍強迫 7.6 萬戰俘徒步百公里，沿途虐殺近 2 萬人；麥克阿瑟留下「I shall return」名言撤往澳洲。
In April, U.S.–Filipino forces surrendered at Bataan. Japan forced 76,000 POWs to march ~100 km, killing nearly 20,000 along the way. MacArthur famously pledged 'I shall return' on his withdrawal to Australia.
珊瑚海海戰 Battle of the Coral Sea
史上首場航母對決，敵艦未曾互見。美國阻止日軍進攻莫爾斯比港，是日本在太平洋首次戰略失利。
The first naval battle fought entirely between aircraft carriers, with opposing fleets never sighting each other. The U.S. thwarted Japan's advance on Port Moresby — Japan's first strategic setback.
中途島海戰·太平洋轉捩點 Battle of Midway
6 月美軍因破譯日軍密碼伏擊並擊沉日本四艘主力航母，日本海軍元氣大傷，太平洋戰場主動權易手。
In June, U.S. forces, having broken Japanese codes, ambushed and sank four Japanese fleet carriers. Japan's naval supremacy collapsed and strategic initiative shifted to the Allies.
瓜達康納爾島戰役 Guadalcanal Campaign
盟軍首次大規模登陸反攻，歷時半年拿下瓜達康納爾島，打破日軍南太平洋攻勢，「跳島戰術」由此展開。
The first major Allied offensive amphibious operation. Six months of fighting secured Guadalcanal, broke Japan's South Pacific advance, and began the island-hopping campaign.
史達林格勒戰役 Battle of Stalingrad
1942 年 8 月至 1943 年 2 月，蘇軍在史達林格勒圍殲德國第六集團軍，是東線轉捩點，德國自此節節敗退。
From August 1942 to February 1943, Soviet forces encircled and destroyed the German 6th Army at Stalingrad — the turning point of the Eastern Front.
終戰 · 36 條事件 Endgame · 36 events
阿拉曼戰役·北非轉捩 Second Battle of El Alamein
10-11 月蒙哥馬利率英軍第八軍團擊敗隆美爾的德義非洲軍團，守住埃及與蘇伊士運河。邱吉爾稱「敗仗之前我們從未戰勝，此後也從未戰敗」。
In October–November, Montgomery's Eighth Army defeated Rommel's German–Italian Afrika Korps, saving Egypt and the Suez. Churchill said: 'Before Alamein we never had a victory. After Alamein we never had a defeat.'
火炬行動·盟軍登陸北非 Operation Torch
11 月美英聯合於摩洛哥、阿爾及利亞登陸，艾森豪首次擔任大型登陸作戰總指揮。與阿拉曼前後夾擊，半年後北非軸心軍投降。
In November, U.S. and British forces jointly landed in Morocco and Algeria, Eisenhower's first major amphibious command. Combined with El Alamein, Axis forces in North Africa surrendered within six months.
Casablanca 會議·無條件投降政策 Casablanca Conference
1943/1/14-24 Roosevelt + Churchill 在 Casablanca 會晤，決策要求軸心國「無條件投降」（unconditional surrender）。
From Jan 14-24, 1943, Roosevelt and Churchill met at Casablanca and adopted the policy of demanding 'unconditional surrender' of the Axis.
山本五十六戰死 Death of Admiral Yamamoto
4 月 18 日美軍破譯密碼後派 P-38 在布干維爾島上空擊落山本五十六座機，襲擊珍珠港的策劃者身亡，重挫日本海軍士氣。
On April 18, U.S. P-38s, guided by broken Japanese codes, shot down Admiral Yamamoto's plane over Bougainville. The architect of the Pearl Harbor attack was dead, crushing Japanese navy morale.
庫爾斯克戰役 Battle of Kursk
史上最大規模坦克戰。蘇軍預判並阻止德軍夏季攻勢，德國裝甲部隊元氣大傷，東線主動權徹底易手。
The largest tank battle in history. Soviet forces anticipated and halted Germany's summer offensive; German armored forces never recovered and the strategic initiative passed to the USSR.
墨索里尼倒台·義大利投降 Fall of Mussolini & Italian Surrender
7 月盟軍登陸西西里，義大利法西斯大議會罷黜墨索里尼。9 月新政府對盟軍投降，德軍隨即占領北義並救出墨索里尼扶植薩羅共和國。
In July, Allied forces landed in Sicily and the Fascist Grand Council deposed Mussolini. In September, the new government surrendered; Germany occupied northern Italy and installed a rump Salò Republic.
塔拉瓦戰役 Battle of Tarawa
11 月 20-23 日美軍攻擊吉爾伯特群島塔拉瓦環礁，為中太平洋跳島戰術的首役。76 小時血戰中美軍傷亡慘重，促成兩棲作戰改革。
On November 20–23, U.S. forces assaulted Tarawa Atoll in the Gilberts — the opening battle of the central Pacific island-hopping campaign. The costly 76-hour fight reshaped amphibious doctrine.
德黑蘭會議 Tehran Conference
11 月羅斯福、邱吉爾、史達林三巨頭首次會面，確定開闢西線、戰後歐洲格局與蘇聯對日作戰承諾。
In November, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met for the first time, agreeing on opening the Western Front, postwar European borders, and Soviet entry into the Pacific war.
諾曼第登陸·D-Day D-Day / Normandy Landings
1944 年 6 月 6 日，西方盟軍 15.6 萬人跨海在諾曼第搶灘，是史上最大規模兩棲作戰，開闢西線並加速德國崩潰。
On June 6, 1944, 156,000 Western Allied troops landed on the beaches of Normandy — the largest amphibious assault in history — opening the Western Front.
安齊奧登陸·羅馬光復 Anzio Landing & Liberation of Rome
1 月盟軍於安齊奧登陸繞過古斯塔夫防線，經蒙特卡西諾激戰，6 月 4 日解放羅馬，是軸心國首都首次陷落，兩日後即遭 D-Day 新聞蓋過。
Allied forces landed at Anzio in January to outflank the Gustav Line, and after fierce fighting at Monte Cassino, liberated Rome on June 4 — the first Axis capital to fall, overshadowed by D-Day two days later.
D-Day·諾曼底登陸 D-Day · Normandy Landings
1944/6/6 Eisenhower 指揮 15 萬聯軍登陸諾曼底 5 灘頭，開歐洲第二戰線，納粹西線開始崩潰。
On Jun 6, 1944, Eisenhower commanded 150,000 Allied troops landing on 5 Normandy beaches, opening the second front in Europe.
馬里亞納海戰·火雞大獵殺 Battle of the Philippine Sea
6 月 19-20 日，美軍一日擊落 400 餘架日機、擊沉 3 艘航母，美方飛行員戲稱「馬里亞納火雞大獵殺」。日本海軍航空兵自此徹底瓦解。
On June 19–20, U.S. forces shot down over 400 Japanese aircraft and sank 3 carriers in a day — U.S. pilots dubbed it 'the Great Marianas Turkey Shoot.' Japan's naval aviation was annihilated.
V-1 / V-2 飛彈轟炸倫敦 V-1 & V-2 Attacks on London
6 月起德國以 V-1 巡弋飛彈、9 月起以 V-2 彈道飛彈攻擊倫敦，是史上首度使用巡弋與彈道飛彈的戰爭，也奠定戰後火箭與太空科技基礎。
From June Germany launched V-1 cruise missiles and from September V-2 ballistic missiles at London — the first combat use of cruise and ballistic missiles, laying the groundwork for postwar rocketry and spaceflight.
塞班島戰役 Battle of Saipan
6-7 月美軍攻下塞班島，突破日本「絕對國防圈」，從此 B-29 可直達東京。東條英機內閣因此下台。
From June–July, U.S. forces captured Saipan, breaching Japan's 'absolute defensive line.' B-29s could now reach Tokyo directly. The Tōjō cabinet fell as a result.
Bretton Woods 體系·戰後金融秩序 Bretton Woods Conference
1944/7/22 44 國在新罕布夏 Bretton Woods 建立 IMF + 世銀，美元釘金本位制，奠戰後國際貨幣秩序近 30 年。
On Jul 22, 1944, 44 nations at Bretton Woods, NH established the IMF and World Bank; the dollar-gold standard anchored global finance for ~30 years.
華沙起義 Warsaw Uprising
8 月波蘭地下國民軍趁蘇軍逼近華沙時起義反德，蘇軍在河對岸按兵不動。63 天激戰後起義失敗，華沙遭德軍夷平。
In August, the Polish Home Army rose against Germans as Soviet forces approached Warsaw. The Red Army halted across the Vistula. After 63 days of fighting, the uprising was crushed and Warsaw was razed.
巴黎光復 Liberation of Paris
8 月 25 日，法國抵抗運動配合盟軍解放巴黎，戴高樂在香榭麗舍大道遊行，維琪政權瓦解。
On August 25, French Resistance forces, aided by the Allies, liberated Paris. De Gaulle marched down the Champs-Élysées as the Vichy regime collapsed.
雷伊泰灣海戰 Battle of Leyte Gulf
史上最大規模海戰。日本海軍主力遭摧毀並首次動用神風特攻隊，美軍收復菲律賓的重要一役。
The largest naval battle in history. Japan's main fleet was destroyed and kamikaze tactics first appeared. A decisive step in the U.S. recapture of the Philippines.
台灣大空襲·台北空襲 Formosa Air Battle / Taipei Air Raid
10 月起美軍轟炸日本殖民下台灣，摧毀高雄、新竹、台北等軍事與民生設施。1945 年 5 月 31 日台北大空襲造成三千餘人死亡。
From October, U.S. forces bombed Japanese-colonized Taiwan, destroying military and civilian facilities in Kaohsiung, Hsinchu, and Taipei. The Taipei raid of May 31, 1945 killed over 3,000.
阿登反擊戰·突出部之役 Battle of the Bulge
德軍最後一次大規模反攻，試圖奪回安特衛普分割盟軍。激戰一個多月，德軍耗盡戰略預備隊後徹底失守。
Germany's final major counteroffensive, aimed at recapturing Antwerp and splitting the Allied armies. After over a month of fighting, Germany exhausted its strategic reserves.
日本戰敗 Japan Defeated
日本在二戰中戰敗投降，隨後在美國協助下推行民主改革，創造經濟奇蹟。
Japan surrenders in WWII, then undergoes democratic reform under US guidance and achieves economic miracle.
原子彈爆炸 Atomic Bomb
美國在廣島和長崎投下原子彈，二戰結束，人類進入核武器時代。
The US drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, ending WWII and ushering in the nuclear age.
廣島原子彈 Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima
美國在廣島投下原子彈，加速二戰結束
US drops atomic bomb on Hiroshima, hastening the end of World War II.
硫磺島戰役 Battle of Iwo Jima
5 週血戰，美軍以近 2.7 萬傷亡攻下該島。美聯社記者拍下星條旗插上摺缽山的經典照片。
Five weeks of brutal combat cost U.S. forces nearly 27,000 casualties. Joe Rosenthal's iconic photo of the flag-raising on Mount Suribachi became a symbol of the Pacific War.
雅爾達與波茨坦會議 Yalta and Potsdam Conferences
2 月雅爾達決定戰後歐洲勢力範圍與蘇聯出兵對日；7 月波茨坦會議對日發布最後通牒並劃定德國占領區，冷戰雛形從此浮現。
In February, Yalta divided postwar Europe and secured Soviet entry against Japan; in July, Potsdam issued the ultimatum to Japan and set up occupation zones — the Cold War's early contours.
東京大空襲·燃燒彈攻擊 Firebombing of Tokyo
3 月 10 日美軍 B-29 以低空燃燒彈攻擊東京，木造民居大片燒毀，單日死亡逾 10 萬人，為二戰最致命的單日常規轟炸。
On March 10, U.S. B-29s dropped incendiary bombs on Tokyo at low altitude, burning wooden districts to the ground and killing over 100,000 in a single day — the deadliest conventional air raid of WWII.
沖繩戰役 Battle of Okinawa
太平洋最血腥陸戰，雙方死傷逾 20 萬，含大量沖繩平民。該役慘烈促使美方最終選擇原子彈而非本土登陸。
The bloodiest battle of the Pacific War with over 200,000 casualties, including many Okinawan civilians. Its carnage influenced the U.S. choice of atomic bombs over invading the Japanese home islands.
柏林戰役·希特勒自殺 Battle of Berlin
蘇軍 250 萬兵力攻入柏林，4 月 30 日希特勒在總理府地堡自殺，蘇聯紅旗在國會大廈升起。
Soviet forces with 2.5 million troops stormed Berlin. On April 30, Hitler committed suicide in the Führerbunker; the Soviet flag was raised over the Reichstag.
德國無條件投降·歐戰結束 German Unconditional Surrender
1945 年 5 月 8 日，德軍在蘭斯與柏林分別簽署投降書，歐洲戰場正式結束，是為 V-E Day。
On May 8, 1945, German forces signed instruments of surrender in Reims and Berlin, formally ending the war in Europe — V-E Day.
相關主軸：Related axes:歐洲Europe歐洲戰場European Theatre
V-E Day·歐戰勝利 V-E Day · Victory in Europe
1945/5/8 納粹德國在 Reims 與柏林雙簽無條件投降，歐戰結束，歐洲各大城同日慶祝勝利。
On May 8, 1945, Nazi Germany signed unconditional surrender at Reims and Berlin; Europe erupted in VE-Day celebrations.
波茨坦會議·德國四分佔領 Potsdam Conference — Germany Divided
7-8 月杜魯門、邱吉爾(後艾德禮)、史達林在波茨坦會晤。德國由美英法蘇四國分區佔領，柏林亦分四區。東部奧得-尼斯河線以東領土割讓波蘭俄羅斯。
In July-August, Truman, Churchill (then Attlee), and Stalin met at Potsdam. Germany was divided into four occupation zones (US/UK/FR/USSR), Berlin likewise. Territory east of the Oder-Neisse line was ceded to Poland and the USSR.
廣島長崎原爆·終結 WW2 Hiroshima & Nagasaki Atomic Bombings
8 月 6 日 B-29「Enola Gay」投下 Little Boy(廣島，約 14 萬死)，8 月 9 日投下 Fat Man(長崎，約 7 萬死)。8 月 15 日日本投降 WW2 終。是史上僅有兩次核武實戰。開啟原子時代、冷戰核恐怖平衡；至今倫理爭議未止。
On August 6, B-29 'Enola Gay' dropped Little Boy on Hiroshima (~140,000 dead); on August 9, Fat Man hit Nagasaki (~70,000 dead). Japan surrendered on August 15, ending WW2. History's only wartime use of nuclear weapons. The atomic age began; the Cold War nuclear terror balance followed. Ethical debates continue.
廣島長崎原子彈 Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
8 月 6 日廣島、9 日長崎先後遭美軍投下原子彈，造成 20 多萬人死亡，是人類首次也是唯一一次戰爭中動用核武。
On August 6 and 9, U.S. forces dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, killing over 200,000 people. The first and only wartime use of nuclear weapons.
蘇聯出兵滿洲·關東軍覆滅 Soviet Invasion of Manchuria
8 月 9 日蘇軍依雅爾達密約對日宣戰，150 萬大軍橫掃滿洲，11 天內擊潰關東軍，與原子彈雙重衝擊促成日本決定投降。
On August 9, the USSR declared war per the Yalta accords. 1.5 million Soviet troops overran Manchuria and crushed the Kwantung Army in 11 days. Combined with the atomic bombs, this drove Japan's decision to surrender.
日本投降·密蘇里號受降 Japanese Surrender
8 月 15 日昭和天皇玉音放送宣布接受波茨坦宣言，9 月 2 日在東京灣密蘇里號戰艦簽署投降書，二戰正式結束。
On August 15, Emperor Hirohito announced acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration. On September 2, Japan signed the instrument of surrender aboard USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay, ending WWII.
紐倫堡與東京審判 Nuremberg and Tokyo Trials
1945-1946 年起盟軍分別在紐倫堡與東京審判納粹德國與日本的戰犯，首次確立「反人類罪」與「侵略罪」國際法概念。
Starting 1945–1946, the Allies tried Nazi German and Japanese war criminals in Nuremberg and Tokyo, establishing crimes against humanity and aggression as international law.