哥白尼日心說 Copernican Heliocentrism
推翻地心說，確立太陽為太陽系中心
Overturns geocentrism, establishing the Sun as the center of the solar system.
相關主軸：Related axes:革命·科學Revolutions · Scientific
大革命 Revolutions
從牛頓的蘋果到達爾文的雀鳥，從工業烈火到巴黎街壘。386 年間，30 場革命顛覆了科學、政治和人類生活的根基。
From Newton's apple to Darwin's finches, from factory fires to Paris barricades. In 386 years, 30 revolutions overturned science, politics, and human life itself.
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Interactive Timeline
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1640 – 1736 · 6 條事件 1640 – 1736 · 6 events
科學革命·Copernicus 到 Newton Scientific Revolution
1543 Copernicus《天體運行論》到 1687 Newton《原理》144 年，重構世界觀從亞里斯多德到機械宇宙；現代科學起點。
From Copernicus's De Revolutionibus (1543) to Newton's Principia (1687), 144 years that remade worldview from Aristotelian to mechanical.
相關主軸：Related axes:科學技術Science & Tech歐洲Europe
Copernicus 日心說·《天體運行論》 Copernicus Publishes De Revolutionibus
1543/5/24 Copernicus 臨終前出版《天體運行論》，推翻 1400 年 Ptolemy 地心說，啟動科學革命。
On May 24, 1543, Copernicus published De Revolutionibus on his deathbed, overturning 1,400 years of Ptolemaic geocentrism and launching the Scientific Revolution.
相關主軸：Related axes:歐洲Europe跨文明Cross-Civilization
Galileo 望遠鏡觀測·《星際信使》 Galileo's Sidereus Nuncius
1610/3/13 Galileo 出版《星際信使》，公開望遠鏡發現木星 4 衛星、月球山脈、金星相位，驗證 Copernicus 體系。
On Mar 13, 1610, Galileo published Sidereus Nuncius revealing Jupiter's 4 moons, lunar mountains, and Venus phases—empirical support for Copernicus.
Newton《原理》·古典力學 Newton's Principia
1687/7/5 Newton 出版《Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica》，三大運動定律 + 萬有引力，定古典物理 300 年。
On Jul 5, 1687, Newton published Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica: three laws of motion + universal gravitation—classical physics for 300 years.
光榮革命·英國君主立憲 Glorious Revolution
1688 William III 登陸英格蘭推翻 James II，1689《權利法案》確立君主立憲；為美法革命思想源頭。
In 1688, William III landed and ousted James II; the 1689 Bill of Rights established constitutional monarchy—a source of American/French revolutionary thought.
1736 – 1833 · 7 條事件 1736 – 1833 · 7 events
第一次工業革命 First Industrial Revolution
1760-1840 英國為首以蒸汽、紡織機械、鋼鐵、鐵路改變生產方式，全球經濟從農業轉工業；現代世界起點。
From 1760-1840, Britain led a transformation via steam, textiles, iron, and rail—the world shifted from agrarian to industrial, launching modernity.
Watt 改進蒸汽機·分離冷凝器 Watt's Improved Steam Engine
1769/1/5 James Watt 獲專利分離冷凝器，效率提升 4 倍，真正啟動工業革命；「馬力」單位即來自此。
On Jan 5, 1769, James Watt patented his separate condenser, quadrupling efficiency and truly igniting the Industrial Revolution.
美國獨立宣言·啟蒙革命藍圖 US Declaration of Independence
1776/7/4 13 殖民地宣告脫英獨立，Jefferson 起草的宣言以 natural rights 為基，啟發後世民主革命。
On Jul 4, 1776, the 13 colonies declared independence; Jefferson's natural-rights-based Declaration inspired later democratic revolutions.
Lavoisier《化學綱要》·化學革命 Lavoisier's Chemistry Revolution
1789 Lavoisier 出版《化學綱要》建立質量守恆、氧化理論，廢除「燃素說」；近代化學奠基。同年法國大革命爆發。
In 1789, Lavoisier published Traité élémentaire de chimie, establishing mass conservation and oxygen theory—founding modern chemistry.
法國大革命·10 年顛覆 French Revolution (Decade)
1789/7/14 巴士底獄到 1799/11/9 Napoleon 霧月政變，10 年間王權崩、恐怖統治、Napoleon 崛起；影響全球民主思想。
From the storming of the Bastille (Jul 14, 1789) to Napoleon's 18 Brumaire coup (Nov 9, 1799): monarchy fell, Terror reigned, Napoleon rose.
Whiskey 叛亂·Washington 鎮壓 Whiskey Rebellion
1794 賓州農民反威士忌稅，Washington 親率 1.3 萬聯邦軍鎮壓；確立聯邦政府對內課稅權威。
In 1794, Pennsylvania farmers rebelled against a whiskey tax; Washington personally led 13,000 federal troops to suppress it, asserting federal authority.
海地獨立·首個黑人共和國 Haitian Revolution · Independence
1804/1/1 Dessalines 宣告海地獨立，拉美首個奴隸起義建立的共和國；震撼大西洋奴隸制世界。
On Jan 1, 1804, Dessalines declared Haiti independent—the first republic founded by a slave revolt, shocking the Atlantic slave system.
1833 – 1929 · 16 條事件 1833 – 1929 · 16 events
1848 歐洲革命春 Revolutions of 1848
1848 年歐洲 50+ 國革命浪潮：法、奧、德、義大利、匈牙利等地同時爆發；多數被鎮壓但憲政思想深植。
In 1848, revolutions erupted across 50+ European countries (France, Austria, Germany, Italy, Hungary); mostly crushed but planted constitutionalism.
Bessemer 煉鋼法 Bessemer Steel Process
1856 Henry Bessemer 發表轉爐煉鋼法，鋼鐵成本暴跌，開啟第二次工業革命（鋼鐵、鐵路、摩天樓時代）。
Henry Bessemer's 1856 converter process collapsed steel costs, kicking off the Second Industrial Revolution—steel, railways, skyscrapers.
達爾文演化論 Darwin's Evolution
達爾文發表《物種起源》，提出天擇演化論，徹底改變人類對生命起源的理解。
Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species, proposing natural selection and fundamentally changing humanity's understanding of life.
相關主軸：Related axes:跨文明Cross-Civilization革命·科學Revolutions · Scientific
Darwin《物種起源》·演化論 Darwin's On the Origin of Species
1859/11/24 Darwin 出版《物種起源》，以天擇解釋生物多樣性，與創造論分道揚鑣；生物學革命。
On Nov 24, 1859, Darwin published On the Origin of Species, explaining biodiversity via natural selection—a biological revolution splitting from creationism.
Mendel 遺傳定律 Mendel's Laws of Heredity
1866 奧地利修士 Mendel 發表豌豆實驗結果，建立遺傳三大定律；被埋沒至 1900 重新發現，奠基遺傳學。
In 1866, Austrian monk Gregor Mendel published his pea experiments establishing the laws of heredity; rediscovered in 1900, founding genetics.
相關主軸：Related axes:科學技術Science & Tech
第二次工業革命·電氣化 Second Industrial Revolution
1870-1914 電力、內燃機、化學工業、鋼鐵大量生產，美德超英為工業強國；汽車、電燈、電話、無線電改變日常。
From 1870-1914, electricity, combustion engines, chemicals, and mass steel production propelled the US and Germany past Britain; autos, electric light, phone, radio transformed daily life.
巴黎公社·首個工人政權 Paris Commune
1871/3-5 普法戰爭後巴黎勞工武裝成立公社，72 天實驗被政府軍血腥鎮壓殺 2 萬；Marx 認為是無產階級革命預演。
From Mar-May 1871 after the Franco-Prussian War, Parisian workers established the Commune; crushed in 72 days (20,000 killed). Marx saw it as a proletarian rehearsal.
Einstein 狹義相對論·奇蹟年 Einstein's Special Relativity · Miracle Year
1905 Einstein 26 歲在專利局發表 4 篇劃時代論文（光電效應、布朗運動、狹義相對論、E=mc²）；物理學革命。
In 1905, 26-year-old Einstein published 4 revolutionary papers (photoelectric effect, Brownian motion, SR, E=mc²)—a physics revolution.
相關主軸：Related axes:科學技術Science & Tech
墨西哥革命·10 年內戰 Mexican Revolution
1910-20 Díaz 獨裁遭 Madero 革命推翻，Zapata、Pancho Villa 率農民軍混戰 10 年，制定 1917 憲法；拉美 20 世紀首場大革命。
From 1910-20, Díaz's dictatorship fell to Madero's revolution; Zapata and Pancho Villa led peasant armies for a decade, producing the 1917 Constitution.
相關主軸：Related axes:拉丁美洲Latin America
辛亥革命·推翻清朝 Xinhai Revolution
1911/10/10 武昌起義，孫中山領導同盟會推翻清朝；1912/1/1 中華民國成立，東亞首個共和國。
The Wuchang Uprising (Oct 10, 1911) led by Sun Yat-sen's Tongmenghui toppled the Qing; the Republic of China was founded Jan 1, 1912—East Asia's first republic.
Ford 裝配線·大量生產時代 Ford Assembly Line
1913/12/1 Ford 在 Highland Park 廠導入移動裝配線，Model T 組裝時間從 12 小時降至 93 分；勞工日薪 5 美元轟動。
On Dec 1, 1913, Ford introduced the moving assembly line at Highland Park; Model T assembly dropped from 12h to 93min; $5/day wage shocked the world.
俄國十月革命·布爾什維克奪權 October Revolution
1917/11/7（舊曆 10/25）列寧領導布爾什維克武裝奪取聖彼得堡，終結臨時政府；第一個共產政權成立。
On Nov 7, 1917 (Oct 25 OS), Lenin's Bolsheviks seized Petrograd, ending the provisional government—founding the first communist state.
相關主軸：Related axes:蘇聯時代Soviet Era
德國十一月革命·帝國終結 German Revolution of 1918-19
1918/11/9 Kaiser Wilhelm II 退位，威瑪共和國建立；水兵兵變擴至全國，終結 Hohenzollern 王朝。
On Nov 9, 1918, Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated after sailors' mutinies spread nationwide; the Weimar Republic was founded, ending Hohenzollern rule.
五四運動·中國現代化思潮 May Fourth Movement
1919/5/4 北京學生抗議巴黎和會將山東讓日本，延燒為新文化運動；白話文、民主、科學思潮啟蒙中國現代性。
On May 4, 1919, Beijing students protested the Versailles concession of Shandong to Japan; the movement fueled the New Culture drive for vernacular, democracy, and science.
凱末爾革命·土耳其共和 Kemalist Revolution · Republic of Turkey
1923/10/29 Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 宣告土耳其共和國成立，廢哈里發制、西化改革、拉丁字母化；穆斯林世界首個世俗共和。
On Oct 29, 1923, Atatürk proclaimed the Republic of Turkey, abolished the caliphate, westernized law, and Latinized the alphabet—the Muslim world's first secular republic.
量子力學誕生·Heisenberg 矩陣 Quantum Mechanics Founded
1925 Heisenberg 發表矩陣力學，Schrödinger 次年提波動方程，Born 統計解釋；古典決定論崩潰。
In 1925, Heisenberg introduced matrix mechanics; Schrödinger's wave equation followed in 1926; Born's statistical interpretation ended classical determinism.
1929 – 2026 · 13 條事件 1929 – 2026 · 13 events
ENIAC·首台通用電子計算機 ENIAC · First General-Purpose Electronic Computer
1946/2/14 賓大公開 ENIAC 電子計算機，18,000 真空管、30 噸；開啟資訊革命（第三次工業）。
On Feb 14, 1946, UPenn unveiled ENIAC: 18,000 vacuum tubes, 30 tons—launching the Information Revolution (Third Industrial).
反殖民革命潮 Decolonization Wave
1947 印巴獨立到 1975 葡殖民地解體，近 30 年間亞非 80+ 國脫歐洲殖民獨立；20 世紀最大地緣變動。
From Indian independence (1947) to Portugal's colonial collapse (1975), 80+ Asian/African nations broke free from European rule—the century's largest geopolitical shift.
中華人民共和國建立 Founding of the People's Republic of China
1949/10/1 毛澤東天安門宣告中華人民共和國成立，結束百年動亂與國共內戰；共產革命亞洲勝利。
On Oct 1, 1949, Mao proclaimed the PRC at Tiananmen, ending a century of upheaval and the civil war—communism's Asian victory.
資訊革命·計算與網路時代 Information Revolution
1950-2000 電腦、半導體、網路把資訊變成主要經濟資源；Moore's Law 半世紀、網際網路商業化、知識經濟崛起。
From 1950-2000, computers, semiconductors, and networking made information the main economic resource; Moore's Law held for 50 years; the Internet commercialized.
DNA 雙螺旋結構 DNA Double Helix
1953/4/25 Watson & Crick 在《Nature》發表 DNA 雙螺旋結構（依 Franklin X 射線照片）；生物學革命開啟分子時代。
On Apr 25, 1953, Watson & Crick published the DNA double helix in Nature (based on Franklin's X-ray data)—launching the molecular biology era.
古巴革命·Castro 奪權 Cuban Revolution Victory
1959/1/1 Batista 逃離，Castro 革命軍進哈瓦那；西半球首個共產政權，美洲冷戰前線。
On Jan 1, 1959, Batista fled and Castro's forces entered Havana—the Western Hemisphere's first communist state, a Cold War flashpoint.
相關主軸：Related axes:美洲Americas冷戰·初期Cold War · Early (1947-1962)
伊朗伊斯蘭革命 Iranian Revolution
1979/2/11 Khomeini 返國推翻 Pahlavi 王朝，建立伊斯蘭共和國；神權政治復興、中東政局翻轉。
On Feb 11, 1979, Khomeini returned and toppled the Pahlavi monarchy, founding an Islamic republic—reviving theocracy and upending Mideast politics.
捷克天鵝絨革命 Velvet Revolution
1989/11-12 捷克斯洛伐克學生起義和平推翻共產政權，Havel 當選總統；和平轉型典範。
In Nov-Dec 1989, Czechoslovak student protests peacefully toppled the communist regime; Havel became president—a model peaceful transition.
相關主軸：Related axes:歐洲Europe
World Wide Web 開放公眾 World Wide Web Public Launch
1991/8/6 CERN 的 Tim Berners-Lee 公開首個網頁與瀏覽器原始碼，Web 向全球免費開放；引爆網際網路時代。
On Aug 6, 1991, CERN's Tim Berners-Lee released the first webpage and free source code, opening the Web to the world and igniting the Internet era.
相關主軸：Related axes:歐洲Europe科學技術Science & Tech
橘色革命·烏克蘭 Orange Revolution · Ukraine
2004/11-2005/1 烏克蘭總統選舉舞弊引發和平示威，Yushchenko 最終當選；親西方派勝，為 2014 Maidan 伏筆。
The 2004 Ukrainian presidential election's rigging sparked peaceful protests; Yushchenko eventually won—a pro-West victory that presaged 2014 Maidan.
阿拉伯之春·中東民主浪潮 Arab Spring
2010/12 突尼西亞青年 Bouazizi 自焚引發阿拉伯之春，突、埃、利比亞、葉門政權倒台，敘利亞內戰延續至今。
Bouazizi's self-immolation in Tunisia (Dec 2010) ignited the Arab Spring; regimes fell in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Yemen; Syria descended into civil war.
相關主軸：Related axes:中東Middle East現代埃及Modern Egypt
烏克蘭 Maidan·尊嚴革命 Maidan Revolution · Ukraine
2014/2/18-22 基輔 Maidan 抗議升級為血腥衝突，Yanukovych 逃俄；觸發俄國併吞克里米亞與東烏戰爭。
From Feb 18-22, 2014, Kyiv's Maidan protests erupted into bloody clashes; Yanukovych fled—triggering Russian annexation of Crimea and eastern Ukraine war.
第四次工業革命·AI+IoT Fourth Industrial Revolution
2015+ 人工智慧、物聯網、大數據、生物科技、量子運算融合重塑產業；Klaus Schwab 達沃斯論壇提出。
From 2015+, AI, IoT, big data, biotech, and quantum computing converge to reshape industries—termed 'Fourth Industrial Revolution' by Klaus Schwab.
相關主軸：Related axes:科學技術Science & Tech跨文明Cross-Civilization